Chronically implanted intraocular electrodes were used to stimulate visual cortical responses to current passage through the retina. Electrical current threshold for the light-adapted cat retina lies in the region of 30 to 100 X 10(-6) amps. for the conditions used. Dark adaptation caused a large threshold increase. Retinal excitability also decreased when electrical stimuli were delivered mor...

a b s t r a c t there are three types of nerve fibers that are involved in the transmission of pain stimuli: c fibers (slower fibers) for thermal, mechanical and chemical stimuli, a-delta fibers for thermal or mechanical stimuli and a-beta fibers for touch stimuli. clinically, this is crucial in making an accurate assessment of the pain level experienced by a suffering patient, in indicating th...

This paper presents a novel current mode four quadrant multiplier. A pair of sub threshold translinear loops and current conveyors are the basic building blocks in realization scheme. The proposed multiplier features simplicity, low power dissipation. The salient features of this approach are; it‟s single ended inputs; since it uses sub threshold region of operation, this make the design intere...

We present a detailed comparison of the electrical turn-on characteristics of 980 nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers ~VCSELs! with simulations using a recently extended laser simulator. It is shown that the three recombination mechanisms, spontaneous emission, Shockley–Read–Hall recombination, and Auger recombination, result in distinctly different exponential current–voltage dependenci...

Olfactory perception is influenced by behavioral states, presumably via efferent regulation. Using the whole cell version of patch-clamp recording technique, we discovered that acetylcholine, which is released from efferent fibers in the olfactory mucosa, can directly affect the signal encoding in newt olfactory receptor cells (ORCs). Under current-clamp conditions, application of carbachol, an...

A new definition of MOSFET threshold voltage is proposed, namely, the “critical-current at linear-threshold” method, which has a unique solution and is very simple to measure. This definition gives consistent values of threshold voltage for different regions of operation at long channel, and contains the information on short-channel effects at short channel, which is very useful for deep-submic...

The effect of increased stimulus current strength on the right ventricular effective refractory period during sustained ventricular tachycardia and on the ability of single premature right ventricular stimuli to terminate ventricular tachycardia was evaluated. Studies were performed during 53 episodes of sustained ventricular tachycardia in 25 patients. Forty-four of 53 episodes were slowed by ...

A new method for extracting the threshold voltage of MOSFETs is presented. The threshold voltage is the gate voltage at which the second difference of the logarithm of the drain current takes a minimum value. The method is applied to a 0.6-pm NMOSFET. The threshold voltage characteristics are compared with ones measured with previous methods and it is shown that the proposed method overcomes pr...

In laser structures where the active region consists of several quantum wells, non-uniform charge injection can occur. We examine the consequences of non-uniform charge injection on gain, threshold current, and linewidth enhancement factor. Non-uniform charge injection in a InP-based multiple quantum well laser was considered in order to analyze effects on gain, threshold current, and linewidth...

A threshold-logic gate device consisting of subthreshold MOSFET circuits is proposed. The gate device performs threshold-logic operation, using the technique of current-mode addition and subtraction. Sample digital subsystems, i.e., adders and morphological operation cells based on threshold logic, are designed using the gate devices, and their operations are confirmed by computer simulation. T...