Methods Freshly isolated, CD34-enriched human CB cells were stimulated with 10 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or 5 μM CpG ODN overnight. Flow cytometric analyses were used to evaluate surface and intracellular expression of TLR-2, TLR-4, TLR-9, as well as the hemopoietic cytokine receptors (HCR) IL-5R, IL-3R and GMCSFR; methylcellulose cultures were performed to assess CD34+ cell differentiatio...

The pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory joint diseases such as adult and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and Lyme arthritis is still poorly understood. Central to the various hypotheses in this respect is the notable involvement of T and B cells. Here we develop the premise that the nominal antigen-independent, polyclonal activation of preactivated T cells via Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 has a pi...

Recruitment of various stem and progenitor cells is crucial for the regeneration of an injured organ. Levels of uric acid, one of the prototypical "alarm signals," surge after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Exogenous uric acid rapidly mobilizes endothelial progenitor cells and hematopoietic stem cells and protects the kidney from ischemia. The relatively fast responses to uric acid suggest that p...

There is a paucity of data on the comparison drug-coated balloons (DCB) versus drug-eluting stents (DES) for femoropopliteal lesions. We conducted regression-based meta-analysis to compare DCB DES in peripheral arterial disease (PAD). An online literature search was MEDLINE (EMBASE and PubMed), Cochrane, Web Science using PRISMA strategy from inception till November 2022. Statistical analysis d...

The mammalian brain is composed of 20% oxygen. depletion in the level oxygen may lead to hypoxia, resulting neurological changes. Recent findings Toll-like receptors (TLR) such as TLR-2, 3, 4 and 8 nervous system showedneuroinflammation brain. activation TLR4 by both exogenous endogenous ligands leads various inflammatory diseases likeatherosclerosis, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, rheuma...

The default response of the intestinal immune system to most antigens is the induction of immunological tolerance, which is difficult to reconcile with the constant exposure to ligands for TLR and other pattern recognition receptors. We showed previously that dendritic cells (DC) from the lamina propria of normal mouse intestine may be inherently tolerogenic and here we have explored how this m...

Microbial infection triggers the endogenous production of immunosuppressive glucocorticoid (GC) hormones and simultaneously activates innate immunity through toll-like receptors (TLRs). How innate immune cells integrate these 2 opposing signals in dictating immunity or tolerance to infection is not known. In this study, we show that human plasmacytoid predendritic cells (pDCs) were highly sensi...

Tolerogenic dendritic cells (TDC) offer a promising therapeutic potential to ameliorate autoimmune diseases. Reported to inhibit adaptive immune responses, little is known about their innate immunity receptor repertoire. In this study, we compared three types of human TDC (IL-10-DC, dexamethasone (DX)-DC, and 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-DC) by their TLR expression and response to a set of TLR ligands. TDC ...

BACKGROUND The etiology of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) results from a combination of several risk factors that act synergistically and occurs in the same circumstances as those which lead to innate immunity activation. Pattern recognition molecules could be an important player in the initiation of an exaggerated inflammatory response leading to intestinal injury in NEC. METHODOLOGY/PRINCI...

BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLR) recognize a variety of ligands, including pathogen-associated molecular patterns and link innate and adaptive immunity. Individual receptors can be up-regulated during infection and inflammation. We examined the expression of selected TLRs at the protein level in various types of renal disease. METHODS Frozen sections of renal biopsies were stained with mo...