INTRODUCTION Nitrates and nitrites commonly occur throughout nature as well as in foodstuffs. Their excess consumption can however pose health risks, for example, arising from methaemoglobinaemia or from the formation of N-nitrosamines. OBJECTIVES To determine whether the levels of domestic nitrate and nitrite consumption are safe in Polish households during 2006-2012. MATERIAL AND METHODS ...

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To prepare measures for practical policy utilization and the control of heavy metals, hazard control related institutions by country, present states of control by country, and present states of control by heavy metals were examined. Hazard control cases by heavy metals in various countries were compared and analyzed. In certain countries (e.g., the U.S., the U.K., and Japan), hazardous substanc...

Dietary aluminum (Al) intake by young children, children, youths, and adults in Japan was estimated using the market basket method. The Al content of food category (I-VII) samples for each age group was determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The Al content in processed foods and unprocessed foods ranged from 0.40 to 21.7 mg/kg and from 0.32 to 0.54 mg/k...

In the present study concentrations of 12 trace elements (TEs): As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn were quantified in muscle and, where possible, liver tissues, six commercially important marine species including fish (Euryglossa orientalis, Sardinella longiceps, Carcharhinus dussumieri), crustacean (Portunus armatus, Thenus orientalis) mollusc (Sepia pharanois) collected from N...

Over 800 pesticides are currently approved for use in one or more EU countries. The maximum residue levels (MRL) for agricultural pesticides are derived from field trials conducted under good agricultural practice (GAP). The MRL is a legally enforceable limit related to GAP. The results from field trials would only be used to establish MRLs if the estimated intake of residues did not exceed the...

This technical report describes the collection of data and appraisal scientific evidence in relation to assessment Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL) for vitamin D. Five systematic reviews (SR) were conducted following a tailored literature search, extraction, (i.e., risk bias (RoB) assessment) synthesis. Narrative gather contextual relevant interpretation main body (BoE). In SR on bioavailabil...

BACKGROUND The recent dietary reference intakes publication provides updated information on the physiologic and dietary requirements for zinc and proposes new tolerable upper intake levels. OBJECTIVE We analyzed dietary intake data of US preschool children to determine the prevalence of inadequate and excessive intakes of zinc. DESIGN Diets of 7474 nonbreastfeeding preschool children in the...

BACKGROUND Vegetarian diets, by definition, are rich in vegetables and so may have high levels of nitrates, that can elicit both positive or negative effects on the human body. Exposure to nitrates can thus be potentially higher for this population group. OBJECTIVE To estimate dietary nitrates intakes in Polish vegetarians and compare these with the Polish average. MATERIAL AND METHODS A sa...

To assess whether the maximum residue level proposed to CCPR, for use as a MRL, provides sufficient consumer safety, available residue data are combined with cultural dietary information to estimate potential residue intake by consumers. The consumer is considered to be adequately protected when estimated dietary intake of pesticide residues does not exceed the acceptable daily intake (ADI) or ...