in 1989 significantly contributed to the growth of aesthetic dentistry. Tooth whitening is a painless procedure that does not require the administration of anesthesia, thus encouraging patients to seek additional aesthetic treatment. Moreover, the noticeable color change observed following whitening procedures may motivate patients to seek further aesthetic treatments (eg, porcelain or resin bo...

The main component of natural teeth was determined many years ago as calcium phosphate, mostly in the form of hydroxyapatite with different crystallites. In the past, the method used in tooth crystal investigation has been mainly powder X-ray diffraction analysis, but this method has its drawbacks, i.e. the destruction of the natural tooth structure and the difficulty in examining the preferred...

considerations and assumptions Scientifically, the following questions have not been accurately answered yet: 1. What determines tooth color, its shades and hues and its variations even in the same person? 2. Does tooth color result from the distribution of a pigment at variable concentrations in tooth structure? 3. Is color a consequence of the level of mineralization of tooth tissues, their t...

OBJECTIVES Controversy exists regarding cavity preparation for restoration of interproximal caries in posterior teeth in terms of preserving the tooth structure and suitable stress distribution. This study aimed to assess the effect of extension and type of class II cavities and the remaining tooth structure in maxillary premolars restored with composite resin on the biomechanical properties of...

The giant panda׳s teeth possess remarkable load-bearing capacity and damage resistance for masticating bamboos. In this study, the hierarchical structure and mechanical behavior of the giant panda׳s tooth enamel were investigated under indentation. The effects of loading orientation and location on mechanical properties of the enamel were clarified and the evolution of damage in the enamel unde...

Clinical crown of the tooth is distance from gingival margin to incisal edge or occlusal surface tooth. Crown lengthening a surgical procedure designed increase extent supragingival structure, so that clinician can restore The (CLP) commonly used maintain dentogingival complex in optimal conditions and correct aesthetic defects through smile design. CLP an anterior driven region could be challe...

The T118M mutation in PMP22 gene is associated with Charcot Marie Tooth, type 1A (CMT1A). CMT1A is a form of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, the most common inherited disorder of the peripheral nervous system. Mutations in CMT related disorder are seen to increase the stability of the protein resulting in the diseased state. We performed SNP analysis for all the nsSNPs of PMP22 protein and carried...

AIM The aim of this paper is to present a review and discussion of the current status of stem cell research with regard to tooth generation. BACKGROUND Stem cells have been isolated from the pulp tissue of both deciduous and permanent teeth as well as from the periodontal ligament. Dental pulp stem cells demonstrate the capacity to form a dentin pulp-like complex in immunocompromised mice. A ...

objective: amorphous calcium phosphate (acp) is a reactive solution capable of releasing calcium and phosphate ions, conversion to apatite and remineralization of mineral tooth structure. this study reviews acp structure, its properties and its applications in dentistry.   methods: in this review study, keywords including “amorphous calcium phosphate”, “mineralization”, “hydroxyapatite”, “casei...

  Objective: Amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) is a reactive solution capable of releasing calcium and phosphate ions, conversion to apatite and remineralization of mineral tooth structure. This study reviews ACP structure, its properties and its applications in dentistry.   Methods: In this review study, keywords including “amorphous calcium phosphate”, “mineralization”, “hydroxyapatite”, “cas...