Several learning algorithms for topographic map formation have been introduced that adopt overlapping activa-tion regions, rather than Voronoiregions, usually in the form of kernel functions. We review and introduce a numberof fixed point rules for training homogeneous, heteroscedastic but otherwise radially-symmetric Gaussian kernel-based topographic maps, or kernel topographic...

We tested the importance of microenvironmental topographic parameters as predictors of emmer wheat genetic variation using three classes of single-locus (or at most several-loci) genetic markers (allozymes, glutenins, and qualitative traits) and two classes of markers of polygenic inheritance (phenological and morphological traits). Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and redundancy analysi...

PURPOSE To compare topographic indices of surface regularity in dry eye patients and in normal subjects (controls) and to investigate the short-term effect of lacrimal punctal plugs on these indices in dry eye patients. METHODS The surface regularity index (SRI) and surface asymmetry index (SAI) of the TMS-2 corneal topographic modelling system were used to evaluate corneal surface regularity...

The establishment of precise topographic maps during neural development is facilitated by the presorting of axons in the pathway before they reach their targets. In the vertebrate visual system, such topography is seen clearly in the optic tract (OT) and in the optic radiations. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in pretarget axon sorting are poorly understood. Here, we show in zebrafis...

Local topography significantly affects spatial variations of climatic variables and soil water movement in complex terrain. Therefore, the distribution and productivity of ecosystems are closely linked to topography. Using a coupled terrestrial carbon and hydrological model (BEPS-TerrainLab model), the topographic effects on the net primary productivity (NPP) are analyzed through four modelling...

Gully erosion can account for significant volumes of sediment exiting agricultural landscapes, but is difficult to monitor and quantify its evolution with traditional surveying technology. Scientific investigations of gullies depend on accurate and detailed topographic information to understand and evaluate the complex interactions between field topography and gully evolution. Detailed terrain ...

Mixing of waters within riparian zones has been identified as an important influence on runoff generation and water quality. Improved understanding of the controls on the spatial and temporal variability of water sources and how they mix in riparian zones is therefore of both fundamental and applied interest. In this study, we have combined topographic indices derived from a high-resolution Dig...

Topographic mapping offers a very flexible tool to inspect large quantities of high-dimensional data in an intuitive way. Often, electronic data are inherently non Euclidean and modern data formats are connected to dedicated non-Euclidean dissimilarity measures for which classical topographic mapping cannot be used. We give an overview about extensions of topographic mapping to general dissimil...

Separation of topographic features from magnetic images has been an issue for the past two decades in magnetic force microscopy (MFM). The frequent pickups of the topographic features are interpreted as transitions of the tip between bistable states of the tip-sample assembly in the noncontact and tapping regions. MFM using electrostatic force modulation demonstrates the separation of the topog...