Contour moiré pictures with good contrast of a full size living body are now available. Construction problems, performance, and accuracy of large instruments are experimentally studied. Techniques to minimize the drawbacks of the moiré contouring are developed. The system has been proved to be ready for practical application to full size living bodies.

Introduction: The Venusian geoid, gravity field, and topography have been used in a variety of applications and are the primary sources of information about the internal structure of the planet. We focus on the relationship between the geoid and topography to determine both the support mechanism for the topography and lithospheric density structure. Magnitude of Dynamic Topography: The long-wav...

[1] The reason for the survival of mountainous topography in ancient orogenic belts is a long-standing problem in geomorphology and geodynamics. We explore the geomorphologic controls on the timescale for the postorogenic decay of topography to address the question of whether there is a viable geomorphologic explanation for the persistence of topography in ancient orogenic belts or whether alte...

[1] Oblique convergence is the general rule along convergent boundaries. Such convergence produces asymmetric deformation (topography) along the collision boundary. To quantify this asymmetry, we develop a method that allows us to calculate the asymmetry in topography with respect to a reference line drawn perpendicular to the collision boundary. The asymmetry in topography is presented as a nu...

Aims Both human and non-human determinants have shaped Mediterranean forest structure over the last few millennia. The effects of recent human activities on forest composition, however, remain poorly understood. We quantified changes in forest composition during the past century in the mixed forests of Quercus suber (cork oak) and Q. canariensis (Algerian oak), and explored the effects of fores...

With the help of analytical expression vertical gravity gradient (VGG) generated by a rectangular prism, an algorithm for predicting seafloor topography using VGG data has been studied. Nevertheless, ship sounding are essential constraint in solving topography. This paper combines with anomaly to predict The main research contents include following: Using soundings and study area, observation e...

The objective of this study is to develop a methodology and to create a tool for use in geothermal pipeline route selection. Special emphasis is placed on the method finding the shortest route and minimizing the visual affects of the pipeline. Among other constraints that can be incorporated into the method are: Type of flow regime, pressure drop, building costs, inaccessible areas and maximum ...

purpose: to evaluate topographic corneal changes in relatives of patients with keratoconus (kcn). methods: this study was performed on 300 eyes of 150 relatives of 45 kcn patients. complete slit lamp examination, refraction, and corneal topography was performed on all eyes. the topographic indices for diagnosis of keratoconus was based on rabinowitz criteria. results: the study included 84 (56%...

The aim of this paper is to conceptualize and design a risk topography that outlines a data acquisition and dissemination process that informs policy markers, researchers and market participants about systemic risk. Our approach emphasizes that systemic risk (i) typically builds up in the background before materializing in a crisis and (ii) is determined by market participants’ response to vari...

a. Current echo sounders for oceanographic survey ships have a quoted accuracy of 2-3o which implies a topographic resolution in excess of 700-1000 ft at deep-water depths of 20, 000 ft. The random characteristics of the ocean channel caused by effects, such as turbulence, internal waves, scattering, and ambient noise, in addition to the random errors in measuring platform orientation, will lim...