This paper describes the architecture of a prototype multilevel secure windowing system based on the X Window System. The prototype, known as TX, is designed to meet the class B3 architectural requirements of the Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC). The architecture and prototype described here demonstrate that high assurance windowing technology is feasible. The TX architecture...

Quality attributes and constraints are among the main drivers of architectural decision making. The quality attributes are improved or damaged by the architectural decisions, while restrictions directly include or exclude parts of the architecture (for example, the logical components or technologies). We can determine the impact of a decision of architecture in software quality, or which parts ...

Quantitative prediction of non-functional properties, such as performance, reliability, and costs, of software architectures supports systematic software engineering. Even though there usually is a rough idea on bounds for quality of service, the exact required values may be unclear and subject to trade-offs. Designing architectures that exhibit such good trade-off between multiple quality attr...

The development of service-oriented applications has reached a point where more specifications are needed to enable holistic transparent service-management. A three-schema-architecture for design of servicebase-management-systems according to the ANSI/SPARC-model for database design is proposed in this paper. The conceptual schema of the proposed architecture decribes the servicebase, what prov...

A typical component-based system architecture comprises a set of components that have been purposefully designed and structured to ensure that they have "pluggable" interfaces and an acceptable match with a defined system context. However, the black-box nature of many software components means there is never a clean match between system specifications and concrete software components. Systemati...

A key issue in designing software multicast algorithms is to consider the trade-off between performance and portability. Portable software multicast algorithms which base on generic communication models cannot capture some architecture-specific features. Without considering the underlying network architecture, these multicast algorithms may not achieve the truly optimal performance when impleme...

Already, the formation of the WTO did not halt the proliferation of new RTAs. There has been an enormous increase in Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) in the last twenty years. In fact, RTAs legitimacy is well recognised under GATT/WTO. By their very nature, such arrangements favour imports from members of the grouping and discriminate against imports from other countries. This departure fro...

Preferential trade agreements (PTAs) on services have proliferated since 2000. This working paper briefly presents the expansion of the dataset initially developed in Marchetti and Roy (2008). The data permits to assess the extent to which market access commitments undertaken by WTO Members in PTAs go beyond GATS commitments and offers made in the context of the Doha Development Agenda. The dat...

This study is an empirical attempt to find out whether under sanctions Iran’s trade direction has shifted away from Europe (trade policy of de-Europeanization) towards Asia (trade policy of Asianization). The analysis is conducted using a panel-gravity trade model to analyze bilateral trade pattern between Iran and 50 countries from the EU and Asia during the period 2006–2013. To this end, the ...