A trade-off between the sensory modalities of vision and hearing is likely to have occurred in echolocating bats as the sophisticated mechanism of laryngeal echolocation requires considerable neural processing and has reduced the reliance of echolocating bats on vision for perceiving the environment. If such a trade-off exists, it is reasonable to hypothesize that some genes involved in visual ...

Several evaluations of team awareness systems showed, that interruptions and privacy violations during usage often lead to the rejection of the system by users. Most authors argue, that this rejection is due to a fundamental dual trade-off between sending awareness information and privacy, and between receiving awareness information and disruption or resource consumption. While the assumption o...

unemployment-inflation trade-off is known as philips curve. this relationship was first defined for england economy by professor philips since 1958. much development has been submitted by different economic schools about this innovation. in this paper, apart from dealing with the new-keynesians philips curve, the curve mentioned is estimated for iranian economy. in addition, we are going to com...

I investigate the trade-off between the expected and the surprising in certain geometric patterns. This work is inspired by Bridget Riley’s early Op art pieces, White Discs 2 (1964) and Fragment 6/9 (1965). I analyse these two works, investigate a range of variants, and propose hypotheses about the perceptual effects in patterns like these. The key hypothesis is that there is an æsthetically in...

BACKGROUND Numerous hypotheses have been proposed to explain the wide variation in the ability of plants to forage for resources by proliferating roots in soil nutrient patches. Comparative analyses have found little evidence to support many of these hypotheses, raising the question of what role resource-foraging ability plays in determining plant fitness and community structure. SCOPE In the...

We aimed to introduce and test the "seed mass-distribution range trade-off" hypothesis, that is, that range size is negatively related to seed mass due to the generally better dispersal ability of smaller seeds. Studying the effects of environmental factors on the seed mass and range size of species, we also aimed to identify habitats where species may be at risk and need extra conservation eff...

Parasites take their resources from hosts and thus directly reduce available resources for hosts' own body functions, such as growth and reproduction. Furthermore, parasite infections cause significant indirect costs to their hosts in terms of increased investments on immune defense. In this study, we investigated the impact of parasite infection on the sperm quality and expression of secondary...

Life-history theory predicts a trade-off between number of offspring and investment (size) per offspring. An important component of this trade-off is how offspring size influences performance and survival. In this study, we examined the relationships between maternal size, offspring size and clutch size, as well as the relationship between offspring size and performance, in the wolf spider, Hog...

The immunocompetence handicap hypothesis proposes that testosterone mediates a trade-off between sexual signalling and immunocompetence in males. Such a trade-off could favour the reliability of sexual signals on the basis that testosterone required for signal expression also promotes immunosuppression. However, the immunosuppressive activity of testosterone has not been convincingly demonstrat...