Citizen science projects have a long history in ecological studies. The research usefulness of such projects is dependent on applying simple and standardized methods. Here, we conducted a citizen science project that involved more than 3500 Swedish high school students to examine the temperature difference between surface water and the overlying air (Tw-Ta) as a proxy for sensible heat flux (QH...

In PNAS, Lopes et al. (1) present a novel approach to quantifying the efficiency of the biological carbon pump as Earth’s climate warmed from the ice bound glacial episode (26,000–18,000 y before present) to the equable climate of the present interglacial (10,000 y BP until present). The biological carbon pump begins with atmospheric CO2 transformation into chemical energy by marine photosynthe...

The biogeochemical characterization of marine particles suspended in sea water, is of fundamental importance in many areas of ocean science. Previous studies based on theoretical calculations and field measurements have demonstrated the importance of the use of the polarized light field in the retrieval of the suspended marine particles properties. However, because of the weakness of the water ...

Crystal structures in both oxidized and reduced forms are reported for two bacterial cytochrome c oxidase mutants that define the D and K proton paths, showing conformational change in response to reduction and the loss of strategic waters that can account for inhibition of proton transfer. In the oxidized state both mutants of the Rhodobacter sphaeroides enzyme, D132A and K362M, show overall s...

The relationships between the apparent optical properties (AOP's) and the inherent optical properties (IOP's) of oceanic water bodies have been reinvestigated by solution of the radiative transfer equation. This reexamination deals specifically with oceanic case 1 waters (those for which phytoplankton and their associated particles or substances control their inherent optical properties). In su...

We present here results supporting the use of Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS)-based Near Infrared-Red algorithms for estimating chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentration in complex coastal waters. The objective of the study was to test the potential of universal applicability of NIR-Red algorithms, calibrated with (a) radiometric measurements and in situ data from inland waters in Nebr...

Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) has, in recent decades, been isolated from an increasing number of free-living marine fish species. So far, it has been isolated from at least 48 fish species from the northern hemisphere, including North America, Asia and Europe, and fifteen different species including herring, sprat, cod, Norway pout and flatfish from northern European waters. The h...

Pyrosequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) amplicons was performed to investigate the unique distribution of bacterial communities in northern South China Sea (nSCS) and evaluate community structure and spatial differences of bacterial diversity. Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes constitute the majority of bacteria. The taxonomic description of bacterial ...

A commercial interface coupling liquid chromatography (LC) to a continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry (CF-IRMS) instrument was used to determine the δ(13) C of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in natural waters. Stream and soil waters from a farmland plot in a hedgerow landscape were studied. Based on wet chemical oxidation of dissolved organics the LC/IRMS interface allows the on-line ...

A commercial interface coupling liquid chromatography (LC) to a continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) was used to analyse δ 13 C of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in natural waters. Stream and soil waters from a farmland plot in a hedgerow landscape were selected for application. Based on wet chemical oxidation of dissolved organics the LCIRMS interface allows on-line injection...