Discrete particle swarm optimization (DPSO) is a powerful stochastic evolutionary algorithm that is used to solve the large-scale, discrete and nonlinear optimization problems. However, it has been observed that standard DPSO algorithm has premature convergence when solving a complex optimization problem like transmission expansion planning (TEP). To resolve this problem an advanced discrete pa...

Huntington's disease (HD) has recently been found to be caused by expansion of a trinucleotide (CAG) repeat within the putative coding region of a gene with an unknown function. We report here an analysis of HD mutation and the characteristics of its transmission in 36 HD families. CAG repeats on HD chromosomes were unstable when transmitted from parent to offspring. Instability appeared more f...

In this paper a property rights model for electric transmission is proposed and its properties analyzed. The proposed rights, called “border flow rights,” support financial hedging of transmission risk and merchant transmission expansion through associated financial rights, called “contracts for differences of differences.” These financial rights allow for forward trading of both energy and tra...

Nowadays, the transition from a conventional generation system to a renewable generation system is one of the most difficult challenges for system operators and companies. There are several reasons: the long-standing impact of investment decisions, the proper integration of renewable sources into the system, the present and future uncertainties, and the convenience to consider an integrated yea...

this study mainly focuses on enhancing the overall efficiency of gas transmission networks. the authors developed a model with detailed characteristics of compressor and pressure reduction stations. following this, they suggested three different systems with gas turbine including: organic rankine cycle (orc), air bottoming cycle (abc), and abc along with steam injection (si-abc). in addition, u...

Huntington's disease (HD) is associated with the expansion of a CAG repeat in the huntingtin gene. Molecular analysis of the repeat in Japanese HD patients and normal controls was performed. The size of the CAG repeat ranged from 37 to 95 repeats in affected subjects and from seven to 29 in normal controls. A significant correlation was found between the age of onset and the CAG expansion. The ...

Alterations in trinucleotide repeat length during transmission are important in the pathophysiology of Huntington's disease (HD). However, it is not well understood where, when and by what mechanism expansion occurs. We have followed the fate of CAG repeats during development in mice that can [hHD(-/+)/Msh2(+/+)] or cannot [hHD(-/+)/Msh2(-/-)] expand their repeats. Here we show that long repeat...

Transmission network expansion planning (TNEP) is an important component of power system planning. It determines the characteristics and performance of the future electric power network and influences the power system operation directly. Different methods have been proposed for the solution of the static transmission network expansion planning (STNEP) problem till now. But in all of them, STNEP...

In this paper, a semi-analytical model for the dispersion relation of nanowire lasers is presented. The approach which is based on the multi-conductor transmission line modeling, makes use of the Fourier expansion technique. The cross-section of the nanowire is assumed to be hexagonally-shaped. To determine the accuracy, the model results are compared to the numerical results obtained from FDTD...