In decision-making, an immediate reward is usually preferred to a delayed reward, even if the latter is larger. We tested whether the hippocampus is necessary for this form of temporal discounting, and for vicarious trial-and-error at the decision point. Rats were trained on a recently developed, adjustable delay-discounting task (Papale et al. (2012) Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 12:513-526), whi...

In this paper fractional order averaged model for DC/DC Buck converter in continues condition mode (CCM) operation is established. DC/DC Buck converter is one of the main components in the wind turbine system which is used in this research. Due to some practical restriction there weren’t exist input voltage and duty cycle of converter therefor whole of the wind system was simulated in Matlab/Si...

Many species are able to learn to associate behaviors with rewards as this gives fitness advantages in changing environments. Social interactions between population members may, however, require more cognitive abilities than simple trial-and-error learning, in particular the capacity to make accurate hypotheses about the material payoff consequences of alternative action combinations. It is unc...

Error is an inevitable part of life and cannot be completely eliminated, but it can be minimized. A root cause analysis is a technique for understanding the systematic error causes that is involved beyond a person or people to implement an errors and including field and environmental causes of errors when occur in this situation too. An important factor of an error occurrence is a root cause (c...

Errors in choice tasks have been shown to elicit a cascade of characteristic components in the human event-related potential (ERPs)-the error-related negativity (Ne/ERN) and the error positivity (Pe). Despite the large number of studies concerned with these components, it is still unclear how they relate to error awareness as measured by overt error signaling responses. In the present study, we...

A basic EEG feature upon voluntary movements in healthy human subjects is a β (13-30 Hz) band desynchronization followed by a postmovement event-related synchronization (ERS) over contralateral sensorimotor cortex. The functional implications of these changes remain unclear. We hypothesized that, because β ERS follows movement, it may reflect the degree of error in that movement, and the salien...

abstract process of evapotranspiration (eto) is a major component of the hydrologic cycle that its accurate estimation plays an important role to achieve sustainable development in water balance, irrigation system design and planning and management of water resources. being a function of different metrological parameters and their interactions, evapotranspiration is a complex, nonlinear phenome...