The endothelium serves as a protective semipermeable barrier in blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. Leukocytes and pathogens can pass directly through the endothelium by opening holes in endothelial cells, known as transcellular tunnels, which are formed by contact and self-fusion of the apical and basal plasma membranes. Here we test the hypothesis that the actin cytoskeleton is the primary b...

For most TCP/UDP/IP applications, when a packet or a message arrives, usually only the payload portion of the original packet can be obtained by the application. For instance, if a packet has been delivered through some IPSec tunnels along the route path, then the application, in general, will not know exactly which tunnels have been used to deliver this particular packet. The IPSec/PHIL (Packe...

Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) are commonly used to provide secure connectivity over public networks. VPNs use tunnels to provide encryption, compression, and authentication functions, which are identically applied to every packet passing through them. However, this behavior may be overly rigid in many situations where the applications require different functions to be applied to different par...

The interaction influence on subway tunnels adjacent to foundation excavation was produced by excavation construction, and it is great significance for the correct assessment of its size and influence on the safety of subway operation. Based on the foundation excavation project, some typical foundation excavation profiles are selected, the calculation and analysis on additional settlement and h...

A new monitoring approach for detecting, locating, and quantifying structurally weak reaches of steel-lined pressure tunnels and shafts is presented. These reaches arise from local deterioration of the backfill concrete and the rock mass surrounding the liner. The change of wave speed generated by the weakening of the radial-liner supports creates reflection boundaries for the incident pressure...

Using two-dimensional foraging arenas, laboratory tests were conducted to investigate the effect of soil type, soil moisture level and ambient temperature on the exploratory tunneling by Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. In choice arenas consisting of two substrate types having two moisture levels each, and conducted at a constant temperature of 22 °C, a significantly greater proportion of termit...