objective: in this paper, we have introduced topoisomerase inhibitors, mechanism of action and types of them. dna topoisomerases are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze essential enzymes to solve the topological problems accompanying key nuclear processes such as dna replication, transcription, repair and chromatin assembly by introducing temporary single or double strand breaks in the dna. result...

Shoot branching involves the coordinated regulation of activity meristems established in axils leaves along stem (McSteen & Leyser, 2005). Once established, such axillary often arrest as a dormant bud after production few leaves. The hormone auxin, produced shoot apex, plays central role this process by moving downward and maintaining these an inactive state, termed apical dominance (Snow, 1925...