BACKGROUND Fifty-four outbreaks of domestically acquired typhoid fever were reported between 1960 and 1999. In 2010, the Southern Nevada Health District detected an outbreak of typhoid fever among persons who had not recently travelled abroad. METHODS We conducted a case-control study to examine the relationship between illness and exposures. A case was defined as illness with the outbreak st...

BACKGROUND Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), is a major health problem especially in developing countries. Vaccines against typhoid are commonly used by travelers but less so by residents of endemic areas. METHODOLOGY We used single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing to investigate the population structure of 372 S. Typhi isolated during a typhoid diseas...

PROBLEM/CONTEXT The Pacific island nation of Fiji Islands has high rates of endemic typhoid fever which is difficult to diagnose and often underreported. However, the majority of cases are preventable through use of safe water; adequate sanitation; vaccination; and, most sustainable of all, simple hygienic behaviour, such as hand washing with soap (HWWS). Despite many attempts by public health ...

This is merely a reprint in book form of the Qoulstonian Lectures, three in number, delivered this year. They appeared in the issues of The Lancet for March 24th and 31st, and April 14th. An epitome of the first two lectures was given at pp. 276, 277 of The Indian Medical Gazette for July. The last lecture deals with the agglutinating reaction, its history, technique, persistence and prognosis ...

The main objective of this study was to determine the clinical efficacy and safety of levofloxacin in an open setting for typhoid fever cases. Patients with clinical signs and symptoms of typhoid fever without previous antimicrobial treatment admitted to affiliated hospitals of the Faculty of Medicine, University Indonesia were included in this study. Adults, 18 years or above, were screened fo...

We review the significance of the Widal agglutination test in the diagnosis of typhoid fever. Over 100 years since its introduction as a serologic means of detecting the presence of typhoid fever, the Widal test continues to be plagued with controversies involving the quality of the antigens used and interpretation of the result, particularly in endemic areas. Areas of concern with clinical and...

Typhoid (enteric) fever is still a common disease in many developing countries but current diagnostic tests are inadequate. Studies on pathogenesis and genomics have provided new insight into the organisms that cause enteric fever. Better understanding of the microorganisms explains, in part, why our current typhoid methodologies are limited in their diagnostic information and why developing ne...

The role of Vi antigen in human immunity against typhoid fever has been debated for decades. Circumstantial evidence indicates that Vi antigen may play a role in pathogenicity and immunity. A Vi preparation was isolated from Salmonella typhosa, the causative organism in human typhoid fever, by a mild precipitation method. It was significantly more potent in animal studies than preparations from...

the purpose of this study was to assess the effect of preventive immunization on the incidence of allergies in poland.18617 (53.8% female, 24.2% 6-7 years old, 25.4% 13-14 years old, 50.4% 20–44 years old) were selected by stratified cluster sampling method in 8 cities and 1 rural area. 4783 of whom underwent objective outpatient screening assessments. study subjects were evaluated for any asso...

Ninety-seven Nigerian children under 5 years of age had typhoid or paratyphoid fever proved by blood culture. The presented with fever, anaemia, gastrointestinal or neurological disturbances, and typhoid and paratyphoid appeared clinically indistinguishible. In this holoendemic malarial area, malaria was the most important differential diagnosis, and may have contributed to the concomitant anae...