?slâmî ilimlerin neredeyse tamam?n?n temelleri hicrî birinci ve ikinci as?rda at?lm??t?r. Hicrî as?rdan itibaren ?slam dünyas?n?n geni?lemesiyle birlikte sözlü bilgilerin yaz?ya aktar?lmas?na yönelik kolektif bir çaban?n varl??? dikkat çekmektedir. Hz. Peygamber’in s.a.v. insanl??? ?slam’a daveti ile beraber yaz? yazma kültüründe önceleri benzeri görülmemi? art?? gözlenmi?tir. dini dünya tarih ...

Al-?ur?f al-Muqa??a?a, which are at the beginnings of 29 s?rahs Qur??n and consist 14 letters, have been a subject curiosity since time Successors. About al-?ur?f as they appear with non-existent usage in Arabic language - least within our knowledge so far more than twenty interpretations made. Islamic scholars who thought that could not understand these included them category Mutash?bih?t, has...

background: the chemical quality of water used for dialysis fluid is a vital factor in the overall care received by dialysis patients. therefore, water used for this purpose should be treated with advanced methods before use for dialysis. the objective of this study was to assess the efficiency of reverse osmosis systems to improve water quality used for dialysis fluid. methods: in this descrip...

Knowledge of the protein structure is considered a precondition for understanding their function. Crystallography remains the most powerful tool in that context, but crystal structure determination of macromolecules is often hampered by a lack of crystals suitable for diffraction. In our work, we have studied the crystallization of human serum albumin (HSA) and bovine beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) i...

or a tr as ac tio n. A l p rim ar y so ur ce s ar e no t e qu al in v al ue . T yp ic al y, a ca de m ic h is to ria ns tu rn to s uc h p r i t e d r e c o r d s f o r th e st ar tin g po in t o f th ei r st ud y, M os t p le nt if ul a re g ov er ne nt a nd c hu rc h re co rd s, bu t n ew sp ap er s, d ia re s, p ri va te le tte rs , c or po ra te r ec or ds o f un iv er si tie s, or b us in e...

Isolated and uniform V(5+)-oxo species were grafted onto H-ZSM5 at V/Al(f) ratios of 0.2-1 via sublimation of VOCl(3) precursors. These methods avoid the restricted diffusion of solvated oligomers in aqueous exchange, which leads to poorly dispersed V(2)O(5) at external zeolite surfaces. Sublimation methods led to stable and active V-ZSM5 catalysts for oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) reactions;...

We study continuity properties of law-invariant (quasi-)convex functions f : L∞( ,F,P) → (−∞,∞] over a non-atomic probability space ( ,F,P). This is a supplementary note to Jouini et al. (Adv Math Econ 9:49–71, 2006).