BACKGROUND Grafting is an established practice for asexual propagation in horticultural and agricultural crops. The study on graft unions has become of interest for horticulturists using proteomic and genomic techniques to observe transfer of genetic material and signal transduction pathways from root to shoot and shoot to root. Another reason to study the graft unions was potentially to observ...

For some twenty years now, it has been common to refer to a crisis of trade unionism. What the future holds for labour movements – or indeed, whether they even have a future – seems increasingly uncertain. For many trade unionists as well as academics, unions in most countries appear as victims of external forces outside their control, and often also of their own conservative inertia. But union...

OBJECTIVE To estimate influenza-associated mortality in Bangladesh in 2009. METHODS In four hospitals in Bangladesh, respiratory samples were collected twice a month throughout 2009 from inpatients aged < 5 years with severe pneumonia and from older inpatients with severe acute respiratory infection. The samples were tested for influenza virus ribonucleic acid (RNA) using polymerase chain rea...

The paper discusses the interactions between trade unions and migrants in the case of intra-EU migration following the EU enlargement eastwards. Against representations of unions as insiders’ exclusionary organisations, it will point at the rich evidence of cooperation within unions and migrants. In the case of the EU, it is argued, unions have particular incentives to organise migrants rather ...

Identifying populations of organizations has been a signiWcant methodological challenge for scholars interested in examining various organizational dynamics. A common solution has been to rely upon a prior list or database of organizations. One such database on voluntary national organizations is the Encyclopedia of Associations (EA), a standard tool for sociologists and political scientists in...

We consider a model of wage determination with private information in a duopoly. We investigate the effects of unions having relative concerns on the negotiated wage and the strike activity. We show that an increase of unions' relative concerns has an ambiguous effect on the strike activity.

The ChangLoś-Suszko theorem of first-order model theory characterizes universal-existential classes of models as just those elementary classes that are closed under unions of chains. This theorem can then be used to equate two model-theoretic closure conditions for elementary classes; namely unions of chains and existential substructures. In the present paper we prove a topological analogue and...

Demonstrating the business value of information technology (IT) strategies is a major concern for most organizations. Previous research in this area has yielded mixed results, further confounding the issue. Much of the previous literature has focused on the return on investment in hardware and software as the definition of business value. We take a different approach to the IT business value pr...

UNLABELLED Long bone non-unions may lead to recurrent surgical procedures and in-hospital stays. Thus, restrictions of the health-related quality of life and of socioeconomic parameters might be expected. Knowledge of the impact on several parameters of professional life is sparse. Therefore, we analyzed the outcome in patients following non-unions of the tibial and femoral shaft after fracture...