We examine the ‘financial accelerator’ model of household behaviour, whereby shocks to household balance sheets increase the amplitude of fluctuations in consumer spending by tightening or unbinding collateral constraints. We construct an alternative model where households have access to both secured and unsecured debt, and examine the consequences of shocks to household balance sheets (primari...

LSB method is one of the well-known steganography methods which hides the message bits into the least significant bit of pixel values. This method changes the statistical information of images, which causes to have an unsecured channel. To increase the security of this method against the steganalysis methods, in this paper an adaptive method for hiding data into images will be proposed. So, the...

Images excessively contribute to communication in this era of multimedia. When a user transfers images over an unsecured communication network, then the absolute protection is a challenging issue to conserve the confidentiality of images. Encryption is a method of retaining the secrecy of images. This paper provides the succinct introduction to the cryptography, moreover, includes a concise des...

The security of image has become an important topic in the process of storage of an image and transmission of image over an unsecured channel such as internet. This paper proposes a new approach for colour image encryption and decryption using involuntary matrix associated with Arnold transformation. In this paper computer simulation with standard examples and the experimental results are given...

This paper examines whether giving large cash transfers to financially distressed people causes them to avoid bankruptcy. A comparison of Florida Lottery winners who randomly received $50,000 to $150,000 to small winners indicates that such transfers only postpone bankruptcy rather than prevent it, a result inconsistent with the negative shock model of bankruptcy. Furthermore, the large winners...

We explore how financial distress and choices are affected by noncognitive abilities. Our measures stem from research in psychology and economics. In a representative panel of households, we find that people in the bottom decile of noncognitive abilities are five times more likely to experience financial distress compared to those in the top decile. Relatedly, individuals with lower noncognitiv...

Property market busts are usually implicated in some way in episodes of financial instability. The losses on US mortgages that sparked the recent financial crisis are a good example of this connection, as are the episodes in Japan, Scandinavia and Australia in the early 1990s, which largely stemmed from commercial property lending. One might think property loans should be fairly safe, given the...

Vehicular Ad hoc networks ( ) must overcome a myriad of security issues to realize their potential. VANETs are latest research area in network field. are deployed in un-trusted and unsecured environments. Consequently, authentication i s a fo rerunner to a ny secur e interactions in these networks. In this paper, survey of VANETs Authentication is d i s c u s s e d . Different discussed. This w...