The effectiveness of four urine screening tests-microalbumin (MAlb), total protein (TProt), total protein/creatinine ratio (TProt/Cr R), and dipstick (DPalb) test for albumin-were evaluated for the detection of MAlb in random urine specimens. The following criteria were used to assess the effectiveness of each urine screening test: 100% specificity (no false positive results); cost effectivenes...

Background: Cost effectiveness, the ratio of relative costs of a program to its desired outcomes, is one of the basic issues in various screening programs performed to detect opium abuse. This study aimed to find the cost-effectiveness of opiates abuse screening through urine analysis. Methods: A total number of 64698 individuals were selected and divided into to five distinct groups based on t...

OBJECTIVE To examine the availability of competitive foods in elementary schools. DESIGN Nationally representative mail-back survey. SETTING United States public and private elementary schools during the 2006-2007, 2007-2008, 2008-2009, and 2009-2010 school years. PARTICIPANTS Survey respondents at 2647 public and 1205 private elementary schools. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The availability of...

Background: The data on the prevalence of substance abuse in Iranian pregnant women is scarce in the current literature. This study investigated the prevalence of and the factors associated with substance abuse among pregnant women, and compared self-reported use with urine test results. Methods: This cross-sectional study included data for 2000 pregnant women admitted to a tertiary care hospit...

Background: Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder is a common disorder that causes serious problems in elementary school and it is also implicated in crime statistics, aggression and other behavioral problems in society. This study estimated the prevalence of hyperactivity in elementary school children in Saghez City, Iran, at the age of 6 – 11 years. Methods: In this study, 760 student...

OBJECTIVE To assess the national prevalence of short stature, underweight, overweight and obesity in 6-year-old Iranian children before school entry. DESIGN Cross-sectional nationwide survey. SETTING Mandatory national screening programme before entrance to elementary school in 2008 in Iran. SUBJECTS All Iranian children entering public and private elementary schools. RESULTS The study ...