We present the design of an ultrafast monochromator explicitly designed for extreme-ultraviolet FEL sources, in particular the upcoming FLASH II at DESY. The design originates from the variable-line-spaced (VLS) grating monochromator by adding a second grating to compensate for the pulse-front tilt given by the first grating after the diffraction. The covered spectral range is 6-60 nm, the spec...

We present a general approach to growing ZnO nanowires on arbitrary, high melting point (above 970 degrees C) substrates using the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth mechanism. Our approach utilizes the melting point reduction of sufficiently small (5 nm diameter) Au particles to provide a liquid catalyst without substrate interaction. Using this size-dependent melting effect, we demonstrate catal...

This study provides the formation of semiconductor nanowires (NWs) with a singular facet and curved end surface by vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) process that is analyzed explained in details. Given evidence, it confirmed wettability liquid catalyst droplet on crystal contact angle between play an essential role VLS NWs development. It shown for mechanism, depends reduction activation barrier to crys...

Elevated intracellular levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) may induce apoptosis, and at least some cancer cells seem to escape this effect by increased efflux of cGMP, as clinical studies have shown that extracellular cGMP levels are elevated in various types of cancer. The human ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter ABCC5 transports cGMP out of cells, and inhibition of ABCC5 may h...

The morphological phase diagram is reported for InP nanostructures grown on InP (111)B as a function of temperature and V/III ratio. Indium droplets were used as the catalyst and were generated in situ in the metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy reactor. Three distinct nanostructures were observed: wires, cones, and pillars. It is proposed that the shape depends on the relative rates of indium phos...

The potency of 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and efavirenz in patients with higher viral loads (VLs) or low CD4 cell counts remains uncertain. Virologic failure and changes in CD4 count in relation to pretreatment VL and CD4 count were evaluated in treatment-naive patients randomized to treatment groups that received 2 or 3 NRTIs with efavirenz. Over 3 years, the risk of...

Crystalline Si wires, grown by the vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) process, have emerged as promising candidate materials for lowcost, thin-film photovoltaics. Here, we demonstrate VLS-grown Si microwires that have suitable electrical properties for high-performance photovoltaic applications, including long minority-carrier diffusion lengths (Ln [ 30 mm) and low surface recombination velocities (S 70 ...

The fairness of 802.11 wireless networks is hard to predict and control because of the randomness and complexity of the MAC contentions and dynamics. Moreover, asymmetric channel conditions such as those caused by capture and channel errors often lead to severe unfairness among stations. In this paper we propose a novel distributed scheduling algorithm that we call VLS, for “variable-length sch...

One dimensional graphene nanostructures are one of the most promising materials for next generation electronics. Here, chemical vapor depostion growth nanoribbons (GNRs) and nanospears (GNSs) on a copper surface is reported. The GNRs GNSs enabled by vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) mechanism guided on-surface propagation liquid Cu-Si catalyst particle. slow lateral fast VLS vertical give rise to spear ...