This paper describes the practical use of social network diagrams in the management of an outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 (VTEC) in a primary school in London. The diagrams were created during the outbreak to establish the extent and nature of person-to-person transmission in the cases and their contacts. The diagrams supported a tailored public health action, and hence aided in the control o...

BACKGROUND Policies and programs are needed to mitigate the burden of enteric disease in Canada. Source attribution, a goal of FoodNet Canada, can inform such strategies and can be accomplished with the information provided by expert opinion. This includes environmental health officers' (EHOs) opinions on the "most likely source of infection" (MLSI) of confirmed cases of enteric disease that ar...

To the Editor: Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) of serogroup O157 causes severe gas-trointestinal and renal illness; clinical signs may be mild diarrhea, hemor-rhagic colitis, or hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Typically, 10%– 15% of reported VTEC infections quickly progress to HUS (1). Sorb-itol-fermenting (SF)–O157 strains have emerged in continental Europe (2,3). Some evidence su...

In this article, we analyze vertical total electron content (VTEC) over Nepal for 4 periods: March 14–25, 2015, June 18–29, May 24–June 4, 2017, and September 3–14, 2017. each period, there are quiet geomagnetic days intense stormy days. The VTEC observed during these periods has both positive negative ionospheric storms. We compared Receiver-Independent Exchange Format (RINEX) observations wit...

Abstract The vertical total electron content (VTEC) is one of the key quantities to describe variations ionosphere and can be provided users correct ionospheric disturbances for GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) positioning. VTEC values corresponding standard deviations are routinely in so-called Global Ionosphere Maps (GIM), with a typical time resolution 2 h (and up 15 min) on regular...

Hemispheric asymmetries of the Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) were observed during first recovery phase geomagnetic storm on September 7–8, 2017. These occurred at mid latitudes two different local times simultaneously: In European-African sector (early morning), time VTEC in southern/northern hemisphere was higher/lower than quiet value, suggesting entered positive/negative (N?S+). Eas...

A new data assimilation procedure in the International Reference Ionosphere UPdate ( IRI UP ) method has been recently implemented. This relies on of vertical total electron content (vTEC) values from a Global Navigational Satellite Systems ground-based receivers network, calibrated through Seemala ’s ), to obtain an updated description F2-peak ionospheric characteristics over South-African reg...

BACKGROUND The quantification of uncertainty and variability is a key component of quantitative risk analysis. Recent advances in Bayesian statistics make it ideal for integrating multiple sources of information, of different types and quality, and providing a realistic estimate of the combined uncertainty in the final risk estimates. METHODS We present two case studies related to foodborne m...