In this paper a novel all-optical logic NAND, NOR and XOR gate based on nonlinear directional coupler theory is demonstrated. We use the identical structure which contains three waveguides, for designing these gates; the only difference however, is the power of inputs light beam. In other words, while a beam with 4 W/μm in power considered as logical one, the output is NAND gate and if a beam w...

In this paper a novel all-optical logic NAND, NOR and XOR gate based on nonlinear directional coupler theory is demonstrated. We use the identical structure which contains three waveguides, for designing these gates; the only difference however, is the power of inputs light beam. In other words, while a beam with 4 W/μm in power considered as logical one, the output is NAND gate and if a beam w...

According to the US Department of Energy, succinic acid (SA) is a top platform chemical that can be produced from biomass. Bread waste, which has high starch content, second most wasted food in UK and serve as potential low cost feedstock for production SA. This work evaluates environmental performance proposed biorefinery concept SA by fermentation waste bread using cradle-to-factory gate life...

background: laboratory wastes are one of the environmental issues of developing countries and cause diseases and epidemics. laboratory waste management is planned with the aim of preventing unfavorable effects on human health and the environment. the aim of the present study was to determine the status of medical waste management in clinical laboratories affiliated with rafsanjan university of ...

Integrated waste management has been accepted as a sustainable approach to solid waste management in any region. It can be applied in both developed and developing countries. The difference is the approach taken to develop the integrated waste management system. This review looks at the integrated waste management system operating in the city of London, Ontario-Canada and how lessons can be dra...

I/S Nordforbrænding is an inter-municipal waste management company located north of Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, which serves approximately 180,000 inhabitants. It was founded in 1965 and it is owned by six municipalities in North Sealand: Allerød, Søllerød, Hørsholm, Fredensborg-Humlebæk, Karlebo and Helsingør as shown in Fig. 1. The company’s mission was to establish a Waste-to-Energy ...

The identification and classification of plastics plays an important role in waste management and recycling processes. Present electrical and optical sorting techniques lack the required resolution for accurate identification in a high throughput manner for a diverse set of plastics commonly found in municipal waste. In this work a multi-spectral infrared spectroscopic technique is employed to ...

This study employed contingent valuation method to estimate the willingness to pay (WTP) of the households to improve the waste collection system in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The objective of this study is to evaluate how household WTP changes when recycling and waste separation at source is made mandatory. The methodology consisted of asking people directly about their WTP for an additional wast...