The current study presents the design features and photovoltaic requirements of a floating photovoltaic plant (FPVP) whose purpose is to reduce the evaporation from the surface of a water reservoir while generating electricity. A summary of the energy budget method is also introduced to calculate the rate of evaporation from the water reservoir behind 15-Khordad dam. The top of the reservoi...

The Shapiro sweat prediction equation (OSE) was formulated more than two decades ago as: msw (g•m -2 •h -1 ) = 27.9 • Ereq • (Emax) -0.455 , where Ereq is required evaporative heat loss and Emax is maximum evaporative power of the environment. Although OSE was developed for a limited set of conditions, in practice it is often used outside its boundaries to estimate fluid requirements and genera...

As the water requirement for food production and other human needs grows, quantification of environmental flow requirements (EFRs) is necessary to assess the amount of water needed to sustain freshwater ecosystems. EFRs are the result of the quantification of water necessary to sustain the riverine ecosystem, which is calculated from the mean of an environmental flow (EF) method. In this study,...

Energy requirements of animals and man were originally determined in intake–balance studies, measuring the energy intake to maintain energy balance. Nowadays energy requirements are preferably determined by measuring energy expenditure. During growth, energy expenditure is combined with a figure for energy deposition. The reasons for the switch from intake to expenditure measurements are twofol...

Arid climates have unpredictable precipitation patterns, and wildlife managers often provide supplemental water to help desert ungulates endure the hottest, driest periods. When surface water is unavailable, the only source of water for ungulates comes from the forage they consume, and they must make resourceful foraging decisions to meet their requirements. We compared two desert bighorn sheep...

Most birds are uricotelic. An exception to this rule may be nectar-feeding birds, which excrete significant amounts of ammonia under certain conditions. Although ammonia is toxic, because it is highly water soluble its excretion may be facilitated in animals that ingest and excrete large amounts of water. Bird-pollinated plants secrete carbohydrate- and water-rich floral nectars that contain ex...

To estimate the water requirements of exclusively breast-fed infants in a hot climate, theoretical calculations of water requirements were made and a field study was carried out in Jamaica. Three urine samples were collected from each of 16 infants. The specific gravity of individual urine samples ranged from 1.005 through 1.015, with a mean of 1.009 (SD +/- 0.002). Corresponding values for osm...

Background: To mitigate climate impacts associated with energy consumption, renewable fuel policies have been established in the USA that encourage production and use of corn ethanol. Current fuel usage of corn ethanol is approximately 15 billion gallons/year (57 billion liters/year), with nearly all of this in the form of E10 (10% blend in gasoline). There is now interest in increasing fuel et...

Water is a vital but poorly studied component of livestock production. It is estimated that livestock industries consume 8% of the global water supply, with most of that water being used for intensive, feed-based production. This study takes a broad perspective of livestock production as a component of the human food chain, and considers the efficiency of its water use. Global models are in the...

Due to the frequent drought periods, water consumption increase, and competition of different water-using sectors, the Hirmand catchment is in a critical water status in the Sistan region. This threat has been intensified in recent years. To cope with this problem, we must pay more attention to different types of water use such as virtual water as a water saving method. The present study calcul...