Traditional analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests are based on the assumption of homogeneous error variances, which often fails in real situations. Violation of this assumption affects not only the power of the standard F-test, but also its size. When a design is unbalanced, the effect of unequal error variances is even more complicated. In this paper, we study the effect of heterogeneous error va...

This paper briefly reviews the most frequently used and misused intraclass correlation analysis of variance (ANOVA) reliability measures. Recommendations are made for the one-way ANOVA intraclass correlation and against the use of several coefficients: Winer's so-called "anchor point method," KuderRichardson Formula Number 20, and the Spearman-Brown prediction formula. The computation of the in...

BACKGROUND Recent studies have demonstrated that the coracohumeral ligament (CHL) is shortened and thickened in a frozen shoulder. We analyzed the rate in CHL visualization between patients with frozen shoulder and normal volunteers using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to determine the CHL thickness in the patients with a frozen shoulder. METHODS AND FINDINGS There were 72 shoulder joints i...

Background. Recent studies have demonstrated that podoplanin was expressed in some dysplastic lesions adjacent to primary oral cancers suggesting that podoplanin expression may occur in early oral tumorigenesis and lymphangiogenesis and therefore is related to tumor growth. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of podoplanin as a biomarker for cancer risk assessment in oral leukopl...

OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the impact and flexural strength and analyzed the fracture behavior of acrylic resins. METHODS Eighteen rectangular specimens were fabricated of Lucitone 550, QC 20 (both unreinforced acrylic resins), Impact 1500 (extra strength impact), Impact 2000 (high impact) according to the manufacturers' instructions. The impact strength was evaluated in notched specimen...

BACKGROUND Pain is the most common complication of orthodontic treatment. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been suggested as a new analgesic treatment free of the adverse effects of analgesic medications. However, it is not studied thoroughly, and the available studies are quite controversial. Moreover, helium neon (He-Ne) laser has not been assessed before. METHODS This split-mouth placebo...

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The flexure of the fiber- reinforced composites (FRC) which can be generally used instead of fixed metal- framework prostheses have been more advocated due to the enormous demands for the conservative and esthetic restoration. The flexure of the fiber should be well-fitted to its covering composite. No study has been reported the comparison of the combination of glass and p...

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of smear layer thickness (SL) on early and 6-month bond strength (BS) of self-etching adhesives to dentin and to measure the ultimate microtensile strength (UTS) of the adhesives. METHODS Clearfil SE Bond; Optibond Solo Plus Self-Etch Primer; Tyrian Self Priming Etchant (TY) and as controls, Single Bond (SB) and Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus (SBMP) were appli...

Reproductive fish behavior is affected by male-female interactions that stimulate physiological responses such as hormonal release and gonad development. During male-female interactions, visual and chemical communication can modulate fish reproduction. The aim of the present study was to test the effect of visual and chemical male-female interaction on the gonad development and reproductive beh...