Rare-event analysis (REA) is the art of finding a needle in a haystack, confirming that it is a needle, and making measurements to determine what kind of needle it is. A rare event is typically one occurring at a frequency of below 1 in 1,000 (0.1%) [1, 2]. Numerous measurements are needed to detect rare events, such as tumour cells in peripheral blood, and it was historically a long-winded pro...

It is not clear what a system for evidence-based common knowledge should look like if common knowledge is treated as a greatest fixed point. This paper is a preliminary step towards such a system. We argue that the standard induction rule is not well suited to axiomatize evidence-based common knowledge. As an alternative, we study two different deductive systems for the logic of common knowledg...

Forecasting Support Systems (FSSs) are designed to facilitate the performance of the organization’s forecasters and planners. An FSS always includes a set of statistical methods but also can provide (a) support for management judgment and adjustments (b) procedures for storing, retrieving and presenting information and (c) an intuitive user interface. In this article, Fotios Petropoulos, Foresi...

British chemist Humphry Davy is best known for being the first person to isolate several elements, including sodium and calcium. Davy carried out his work electrolytically more than 200 years ago as an early experimenter with batteries. Less known about Davy is that during experiments on water electrolysis, in which water is split into hydrogen and oxygen, he found that ammonia formed on the ca...

Yuval Grossman, 2, 3, ∗ Tamar Kashti, † Yosef Nir, ‡ and Esteban Roulet § Department of Physics, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, 32000 Haifa, Israel Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94309 Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 Department of Particle Physics, Weizmann Institute of Scie...

Two articles in this issue of Clinical Chemistry provide additional evidence of the potential benefits of applying modern quality theory to clinical medicine. Though understandably focused on laboratory process, these papers nevertheless suggest lessons that are widely applicable to reducing error rates and improving quality of care throughout medical practice. The manuscripts complement each o...

The structure of K allows a fair amount of diversity in the way it can be implemented. However, it is o en not trivial to select the optimal options in given circumstances, and sometimes one may even not be aware of all of K ’s implementation techniques. We here briefly present different techniques, referring to external documents for the details. K defines a family of sponge functions with sev...