A large proportion of the world’s tropical forests consists of lowland rain forests situated in basins of major tropical rivers, such as the Amazon, the Congo, and the Sepik–Ramu and Fly– Strickland river systems of New Guinea. These forests also form a major part of the three remaining Tropical Wilderness Areas, defined as large pristine areas exceeding 10,000 km of which > 70% is free from an...

All emergency physicians are confronted with common environment-related emergencies including heat and cold injuries, animal and insect bites, ingestion of or contact with toxic plant materials, and the like. Few of us, however, are called upon to deal with wilderness trauma emergencies such as wild animal attacks, search and rescue missions, natural disaster management, high altitude or diving...

This study examines the spatial distribution of’ outdoor recreation sites and their proximity to census block groups (CBGs), in order to determine potential socio-economic inequities. It is framed within the context of environmental justice. Information from the Southern Appalachian Assessment database was applied to a case study of the Chattahoochee National Forest in North Georgia. Outdoor re...

Decade-long advances in battlefield medicine have revolutionized the treatment of traumatic hemorrhage and have led to a significant reduction in mortality. Part one of this review covered the use of tourniquets on the extremities and the newer devices for use in junctional areas. Part two focuses on the use of hemostatic agents or dressings, pelvic binders, and tranexamic acid. Field applicabl...

Visitation to parks and protected areas (PPAs) has become increasingly widespread in the United States. This increased visitation is especially concerning within congressionally designated wilderness where federal agencies are tasked with dual mandate of preserving character while simultaneously providing high-quality outdoor recreation experiences. study investigated influence social, situatio...

The rural central Kentucky landscape today appears as open, rolling bluegrass fields, punctuated by relicts of “woodland pasture” and partitioned by stone or board fences, the latter usually painted black. Historic residences often sit back from the road at the end of a long drive, presenting a picture of placidity, prosperity and gracious living. Country roads are organic in quality, often app...