A connectionist model capable of encoding positive as well as negated knowledge and using such knowledge during rapid reasoning is described. The model explains how an agent can hold inconsistent beliefs in its long-term memory without being “aware” that its beliefs are inconsistent, but detect a contradiction whenever inconsistent beliefs that are within a certain inferential distance of each ...

according to the famous theory in iranian jurisprudence, civil liability of the vehicle keepers against third party is on the res ipsa loquitor, duty of care, or risk, or a combination of them. regarding to these foundations, if a vehicle keeper has not a policy of insurance covering third party damage, he or she must compensate the damage although has not caused the accident. this was inferenc...

The formation of a knowledge society and the digital stage development modern civilization culture still remains continuing process, which itself is experiencing serious internal contradictions problems. article discusses analysis results literacy among Russians, as one most essential areas emerging economy. study statistical analytical material made it possible to draw conclusion about insuffi...

The authors of the article analyzed ability digital technologies for managing financial assets and liabilities corporate business entities to increase information potential their reporting. Starting points landmarks Russian foreign standardized rules formation various types reporting conceptual apparatus “digital” legislation were disclosed. proposed a definition concept “information reporting”...

The analysis of user opinions expressed on the Web is becoming increasingly relevant to a variety of applications. It allows us to track the evolution of opinions or discussions in the blogosphere, or perform product surveys. The aggregation of sentiments and analysis of contradictions is another important application, which becomes effective since we are able to capture the diversity in sentim...

Recently Haah introduced a new quantum error correcting code embedded on a cubic lattice. One of the defining properties of this code is the absence of string logical operator. We present new codes with similar properties by relaxing the condition on the local particle dimension. The resulting code is well-defined when the local Hilbert space dimension is prime. These codes can be divided into ...

We suggest concrete models for self-correcting quantum memory by reporting examples of local stabilizer codes in 3D that have no string logical operators. Previously known local stabilizer codes in 3D all have stringlike logical operators, which make the codes non-self-correcting. We introduce a notion of “logical string segments” to avoid difficulties in defining one-dimensional objects in dis...

A powerful syntactic theory as well as expressive modal logics have to deal with self-referentiality. Self-referentiality and paradoxes seem to be close neighbours and depending on the logical system, they have devastating consequences, since they introduce contradictions and trivialise the logical system. There is a large amount of diierent attempts to tackle these problems. Some of them are c...

The growth in the number of users and the volume of information in OpenStreetMap (OSM) indicate the success of this VGI-based project in attracting diverse sets of people from all over the world. A huge amount of information is generated daily by non-professional users and OSM faces the challenge of ensuring data quality. Spatial data quality comprises several basic elements; among them, logica...