On August 15, 1940, the Luftwaffe bombed the North and South of England and ‘Wild’ Bill Donovan was smuggled into the garden of 10 Downing Street. The previous month he had been to the UK, to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s home at Hyde Park, and secretly back to London1. Winston Churchill later told Cecil King, Editor-in-Chief of the Daily Mirror, that August 15, 1940 was the day he knew...

During the First World War, the horror of facial mutilation was evoked in journalism, poems, memoirs and fiction; but in Britain it was almost never represented visually outside the professional contexts of clinical medicine and medical history. This article asks why, and offers an account of British visual culture in which visual anxiety and aversion are of central importance. By comparing the...

overhaul of social services ever undertaken in Britain. Contrasting with the well recollected fiasco after the first world war, the welfare state set up by the Labour government represented faithful realisation of the aspirations of the movement for social reconstruction. The postwar system proved durable and was supported by a broad consensus. It remained intact until the later years of the Th...

F the outbreak of World War II in the Pacific, the Army Medical Department had a difficult time coping with conditions in the Philippines, where repeated enemy aerial attacks had been followed by Japanese invasion. Prewar emergency planning did enable the Army's Manila Hospital Center to care for casualties during the first two weeks of the war. However, after medics, patients, and great quanti...

Dutch neuroscientist Cornelius Ubbo Ariëns Kappers is famous for pioneering neuroembryological work and for establishing the Amsterdam Central Institute for Brain Research. Less well known is his anthropological work, which ultimately played a role in saving Dutch Jews from deportation to their deaths during the Holocaust. Ariëns Kappers extensively campaigned against anti-Semitism and Nazi per...

Clinical research has expanded tremendously in the past few decades and consequently there has been growing interest in the ethical guidelines that are being followed for the protection of human subjects. This review summarizes historical scandals and social responses chronologically from World War II to the Death of Ellen Roche (2001) to emphasize the lessons we must learn from history. Intern...

During the First World War South Asian combatants and non-combatants were taken prisoner in France, Belgium, Mesopotamia, East Africa and other theatres of war. The conditions under which POWs were captured differed enormously in terms of housing, food, disciplinary rules, medical treatment, social and cultural facilities. Usually, the men were segregated not only according to their military ra...

Twenty-one years ago, when the Allies were preparing to land on the Normandy beaches, Parliament passed an Act which established the right of disabled men and women to work. Their services had proved invaluable in war, when man-power was short ; their interests were to be protected in peace. This year the Ministry of Labour is celebrating the twentyfirst anniversary of the passing of the 1944 D...

(RAAF) operated throughout the South Pacific, often without the support of immediate search-and-recovery aircraft. The number of aircraft lost by the combatant nations in the southwest Pacific during WWII is still not known, but is probably more than 1000. Many aircraft were lost over Papua New Guinea. It is estimated that there are still over 500 aircraft with full crews missing in Papua New G...

This research focuses on the development of advertising in interwar period Japan (between World War I and World War II) and the growing prevalence of the Modem Girl. As women with a certain aesthetic were popularized through advertisement campaigns, this aesthetic was disseminated to a wider audience and incited cultural change. For the purposes of this research, the rosmetics company Shiseido ...