BRIEF REPORT Authors Erwin Kemna, Harold Tjalsma, Coby Laarakkers, Elizabeta Nemeth, Hans Willems, Dorine Swinkels Department of Clinical Chemistry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Corresponding author Erwin H.J.M. Kemna Department of Clinical Chemistry...

S ince the earliest peer-reviewed publications of the late 17th century, conventions about the authorship of scientifi c papers—which were generally anonymous and attributed to the sponsor (in those days, usually the church or the king)—have evolved considerably [1]. Readers now want to know not only who paid for the research but also who did the work. Transparency (i.e., full disclosure) is no...

This research focused on the syllable as a processing unit in handwriting. Participants wrote, in uppercase letters, words that had been visually presented. The interletter intervals provide information on the timing of motor production. In Experiment 1, French participants wrote words that shared the initial letters but had different syllable boundaries. In Experiment 2, French- and Spanish-sp...

We thank the Ministry of Social Welfare and Health, the National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health, Statistics Finland, and the Data Protection Authority for giving permission to link the registers. Contributors: MK designed and coordinated the study and wrote the paper, THP analysed the data and wrote the paper. JM did the data linkage and produced the data. JS interpreted...

Twenty years ago, Nancy Cartwright wrote a perceptive essay in which she clearly distinguished causal relations from associations, introduced philosophers to Simpson’s paradox, articulated the difficulties for reductive probabilistic analyses of causation that flow from these observations, and connected causal relations with strategies of action (Cartwright 1979). Five years later, without appr...