نتایج جستجو برای: xenobiotic metabolism
تعداد نتایج: 227538 فیلتر نتایج به سال:
The past 50 years have witnessed a monumental advance in our understanding of pharmacodynamics (what drugs do to the body) and pharmacokinetics (what the body does to drugs). In the realm of pharmacokinetics, dozens of enzymes responsible for drug biotransformation and transporters responsible for the absorption, distribution and excretion of drugs have been identified. Drug biotransformation (...
Because of complex cellular microenvironments of both the liver and kidneys, accurate modeling of transport function has remained a challenge, leaving a dire need for models that can faithfully recapitulate both the architecture and cell-cell interactions observed in vivo. The study of hepatic and renal transport function is a fundamental component of understanding the metabolic fate of drugs a...
The CYP1A1 gene is related to the generation of secondary metabolites that are capable of inducing DNA damage. The CYP1A1m1 polymorphism has been examined in many studies, and is located in a region near loci that have been linked to glaucoma, including the locus GLC1I. As a result, this polymorphism has been related to several diseases that are influenced by exposure to xenobiotic as well as p...
The association between genetic variations in the cytochrome P450 (CYP) family genes and pathological conditions related to long-term exposure to organochlorine compounds (OCs) deserves further elucidation. OCs are persistent organic pollutants with bioaccumulative and lipophilic characteristics. They can act as endocrine disruptors and perturb cellular mechanisms. Prolonged exposure to OCs has...
Stress can be defined as the homeostatic, nonspecific defensive response of the organism to challenges. It is expressed by morphological, biochemical, and functional changes. In this review, we present biological and oxidative stress, as well as their interrelation. In addition to the mediation in biologic stress (central nervous, immune, and hormonal systems) and oxidative stress, the effect o...
(Petters et al., 1983) permits the determination of small amounts of 7-aminoclonazepam (about 20 pmol) and is thus useful for measuring low activities in various tissues. All investigated foetal livers catalysed the nitroreduction reaction at different rates. The mean activity was in the same range as that in Rhesus monkey liver, but only about 15% of the activity in human adult liver. Such dis...
The earliest history of xenobiotic metabolism is interwoven with the birth of organic chemistry. In the early 1800s, the belief prevailed that the composition of the human body and indeed, of all living things, was a result of a “vital force” or “internal flame” and that mere mortals were incapable of understanding these workings and would be particularly unable to synthesize constituent compou...
Paternal environmental conditions can influence phenotypes in future generations, but it is unclear whether offspring phenotypes represent specific responses to particular aspects of the paternal exposure history, or a generic response to paternal 'quality of life'. Here, we establish a paternal effect model based on nicotine exposure in mice, enabling pharmacological interrogation of the speci...
Only two genome-wide significant loci associated with longevity have been identified so far, probably because of insufficient sample sizes of centenarians, whose genomes may harbor genetic variants associated with health and longevity. Here we report a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of Han Chinese with a sample size 2.7 times the largest previously published GWAS on centenarians. We ident...
Cytochromes are located in many different tissues of the human body. They are found in abundance on the intestinal and hepatic tissues in human and other living organisms. CYPs enzymes are metabolizing a large variety of xenobiotic substances. Activities of cytochromes P450 enzymes are influenced by a variety of factors, such as genus, environment, disease state, herbicides, alcohol consumption...
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