While it is known that using network coding can significantly improve the throughput of directed networks, it is a notorious open problem whether coding yields any advantage over the multicommodity flow (MCF) rate in undirected networks. It was conjectured in [9] that the answer is ‘no’. In this paper we show that even a small advantage over MCF can be amplified to yield a near-maximum possible...

Herein we demonstrate the controlled and reproducible fabrication of sub-5 nm wide gaps in single-layer graphene electrodes. The process is implemented for graphene grown via chemical vapor deposition using an electroburning process at room temperature and in vacuum. A yield of over 95% for the gap formation is obtained. This approach allows producing single-layer graphene electrodes for molecu...

Theoretically the Kohn-Sham band gap differs from the exact quasiparticle energy gap by the derivative discontinuity of the exchange-correlation functional. In practice for semiconductors and insulators the band gap calculated within any local or semilocal density approximations underestimates severely the experimental energy gap. On the other hand, calculations with an "exact" exchange potenti...

Scarcity of water for irrigation is an alarming issue of Pakistan and the problem is being magnified rapidly with the passage of time. Shortage of water is thus, a limiting factor in increasing per unit area wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield that is staple food of most of the people. Eventually, the gap between production and consumption is widening day by day and Pakistan is now suffering fro...

In this paper we investigate the existence of L(π)-spectral gaps for π-irreducible, positive recurrent Markov chains on general state space. We obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of L(π)spectral gaps in terms of a sequence of isoperimetric constants and establish their asymptotic behavior. It turns out that in some cases the spectral gap can be understood in terms of c...

Materials with optimized band gap are needed in many specialized applications. In this work, we demonstrate that Hellmann-Feynman forces associated with the gap states can be used to find atomic coordinates that yield desired electronic density of states. Using tight-binding models, we show that this approach may be used to arrive at electronically designed models of amorphous silicon and carbo...

P. Singh,1* P.K. Aggarwal,2** V.S. Bhatia,3*** M.V.R. Murty,1**** M. Pala,4 T. Oweis,4***** B. Benli,4 K.P.C. Rao5****** and S.P. Wani1******* 1International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India; 2Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi 110 012, India; 3National Research Centre for Soybean (NRCS), Khandwa Road, ...

We study dynamic network flows with uncertain input data under a robust optimization perspective. In the dynamic maximum flow problem, the goal is to maximize the flow reaching the sink within a given time horizon T , while flow requires a certain travel time to traverse an edge. In our setting, we account for uncertain travel times of flow. We investigate maximum flows over time under the assu...

The objective of this trial was to determine the effect of feeding a TMR containing Corn Shredlage (SHRD; Shredlage LLC, Tea, SD) or conventionally processed corn silage (KPCS) on lactation performance by dairy cows. The KPCS was harvested using conventional rolls (3-mm gap) and set at a 19-mm theoretical length of cut. The SHRD was harvested using novel cross-grooved rolls (2.5-mm gap) and set...

Many of the undernourished people on the planet obtain their entitlements to food via agricultural-based livelihood strategies, often on underperforming croplands and smallholdings. In this context, expanding cropland extent is not a viable strategy for smallholders to meet their food needs. Therefore, attention must shift to increasing productivity on existing plots and ensuring yield gaps do ...