according to a basic prediction made by the revised hierarchical model (rhm,kroll & stewart, 1994), there is no l2 conceptual connection at the beginning stages of language learning as l2 learners mostly rely on l1 conceptual connections to retrieve the meaning of the l2 words.with increasing proficiency, however, there would be a direct access from l2 to the conceptual system. available litera...

Let L be a lattice and let L1, L2 be sublattices of L. Let be a congruence relation of L1. We extend to L by taking the smallest congruence of L containing . Then we restrict to L2, obtaining the congruence L2 of L2. Thus we have de ned a map ConL1 ! ConL2. Obviously, this is an isotone 0-preservingmap of the nite distributive lattice ConL1 into the nite distributive lattice ConL2. The main res...

The present study examines the coordination of lexical and paralinguistic F0 in second language (henceforth L2) production. We tested how L2 learners manage to handle F0 when F0 in their first language (henceforth L1) carries a paralinguistic function, but a lexical one in their L2 and vice versa. Participants (fifteen L1 Japanese speakers and fifteen L1 German speakers, proficient also in thei...

We used functional magnetic resonance adaptation (fMRA) to examine whether intra-voxel functional specificity may be present for first (L1)- and second (L2)-language processing. We examined within- and across-language adaptation for spoken words in English-French bilinguals who had acquired their L2 after the age of 4 years. Subjects listened to words presented binaurally through earphones. In ...

Three laboratories participated with their laboratory-specific microbiologic growth assays (MA) in the NHANES 2007-2008 to assess whether the distributions of serum (n = 2645) and RBC folate (n = 2613) for the same one-third sample of participants were comparable among laboratories. Laboratory (L) 2 produced the highest and L1 the lowest serum and RBC folate geometric means (nmol/L) in the NHAN...

قدرت تفکیک دستگاه طیف‌نگار جرمی به صورت مستقیم شدت یون خروجی و انرژی آن بستگی دارد. مقدار تولید شده جریان باریکه الکترونی وابسته است. از جمله وظایف مدار کنترل چشمه برخورد تنظیم برای رسیدن بهینه می‌باشد. در ساخت پارامترهایی نظیر تثبیت آن، دقیق پتانسل الکتریکی لنز الکترودهای یونی بسیار حایز اهمیت این مقاله با قابلیت انتشار الکترون، پتانسیل نقاط طراحی ساخته شد. کنترلر بر روی طیف نگار 44Varian MAT ...

The present research tested the hypothesis that the age at which one's first language (L1) words are learned influences language processing in bilinguals. Prior research on bilingual language processing by Kroll and colleagues has suggested that memory links between L1 words and conceptual representations are stronger than memory links between one's second language (L2) word and conceptual repr...

A computational framework for quantitative studies of sound acquisition in a second language is presented. The framework supports the exploration of issues such as the effect of the amount and type of exposure to L2 categories, interactions between L1 and L2 sound systems as well as L1 attrition. The model is illustrated by simulating a Chinese listener’s responses to English vowel-consonant-vo...

Many classroom climate studies suffer from two critical problems. They: (a) treat climate as a studentlevel (L1) variable in single-level analyses instead of a classroom-level (L2) construct in multilevel analyses; and (b) rely on manifest-variable models rather than latent-variable models that control measurement error at L1 and L2, and sampling error in the aggregation of L1 ratings to form L...

This paper investigates the speech rhythm of Porteño (Buenos Aires) Spanish (PORTE), which is strongly influenced by Italian due to migration-induced contact, and L2 Peninsular Spanish, produced by Italian natives (SPA L2). It is hypothesized that Italian learners transfer the rhythmic values of their L1 to the target language Spanish and that the data produced by speakers of both the contact v...