The stamen, which consists of an anther and a filament, is the male reproductive organ in a flower. The specification of stamen identity in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is controlled by a combination of the B genes APETALA3 (AP3) and PISTILLATA, the C gene AGAMOUS (AG), and the E genes SEPALLATA1 (SEP1) to SEP4. The "floral organ-building" gene SPOROCYTELESS/NOZZLE (SPL/NZZ) plays a centr...

Although sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) has been reported to play an important role in cancer pathophysiology, little is known about S1P and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To clarify the relationship between S1P and HCC, 77 patients with HCC who underwent surgical treatment were consecutively enrolled in this study. In addition, S1P and its metabolites were quantitated by LC-MS/MS. The mRNA lev...

we compared the extent of temporary threshold shift (tts) and hair cell loss following high level 4 khz noise exposure with those preconditioned with moderate level 1 and 4 khz octave band noise. fifteen male albino guinea pigs (300- 350 g in weight) were randomly allocated into three groups: those exposed to 4 khz octave band noise at 102 db spl (group 1, n=5); those conditioned with 1 khz oct...

Software Product Line (SPL) engineering allows designers to reason about an entire family of software applications, instead of a single product, with a strategic importance for the rapid development of new applications. While much effort has been spent so far in understanding and modeling SPLs and their architectures, very little attention has been given on how to systematically enforce SPL arc...

One of the most vital techniques in the context of software product line (SPL) evolution is refactoring – extracting and refining reusable assets and improving SPL architecture in such a way that the behavior of existing products remains unchanged. We extend the idea of SPL refactoring to technical documentation because reuse techniques could effectively be applied to this area and reusable ass...

The negative peak amplitude of the differentiated glottal flow (dpeak) is known to correlate strongly with the sound pressure level (SPL) of speech. Therefore, the function between dpeak and SPL is usually modeled as a single line. In this survey, the relationship between dpeak and SPL is revisited by analyzing glottal flows inverse filtered from speech sounds of largely different intensities. ...

Sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase (SPL) is responsible for the irreversible catabolism of sphingosine 1-phosphate, which signals through five membrane receptors to mediate cell stress responses, angiogenesis, and lymphocyte trafficking. The standard assay for SPL activity utilizes a radioactive dihydrosphingosine 1-phosphate substrate and is expensive and cumbersome. In this study, we describe an S...

Context: Software product lines (SPL) are used in industry to achieve more efficient software development. However, the testing side of SPL is underdeveloped. Objective: This study aims at surveying existing research on SPL testing in order to identify useful approaches and needs for future research. Method: A systematic mapping study is launched to find as much literature as possible, and the ...

Aim: To see the effect of LLLT on noise-induced hearing loss. Methods: Eleven rats were exposed to noise (120 dB, 16 kHz, 6 h) and left ears were irradiated at 60J/cm2, 830 nm laser for 12 days. Right ears were control. Hearing levels were measured at frequencies of 4, 8, 12, 16, 32 kHz before noise exposure and after 12th irradiations. Results: The initial hearing levels were 26.5±4.7, 24.5±5....

This paper presents a systematic review of all the solutions addressing different economic aspect of software product lines (SPL), e.g. SPL adoption cost-benefits, PL architecture decisions, SPL test strategies project cost overrun and so on, presented for the years 2000 to 2007. The goal of the review is to analyze the level of empirical application and/or validation of the proposed solutions ...