In this report, we demonstrate that cellular stress regulates expression of IFRD1 by a post-transcriptional control mechanism. IFRD1 mRNA and protein are elevated in tunicamycin-treated human kidney epithelial cells via stabilization of the mRNA. IFRD1 mRNA instability in resting cells requires translation of an upstream open reading frame (ORF) that represses translation of the major ORF. Duri...

Although foamy viruses (FVs) are endemic among nonhuman primates, FV infection among humans is rare. Recently, simian foamy virus (SFV) infection was reported in 4 of 231 individuals occupationally exposed to primates (1.8%). Secondary transmission to spouses has not been seen, suggesting that while FV is readily zoonotic, humans may represent dead-end hosts. Among different simian species, SFV...

Small insertions were made independently at each of four unique restriction sites on African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) DNA A to disrupt the three overlapping complementary-sense open reading frames (ORFs) herein designated AC1, AC2 and AC3. The DNA A mutants were assayed for their infectivity by agroinoculation of monomeric constructs to Nicotiana benthamiana plants containing chromosomal ins...

The causative agent of myonecrosis affecting cultured Penaeus vannamei in Brazil was demonstrated to be a virus after purification of the agent from infected shrimp tissues. Purified viral particles were injected into specific pathogen-free P. vannamei, resulting in a disease that displayed the same characteristics as those found in the original shrimp used for purification. The virus was named...

The influence of an upstream open reading frame (ORF) in the 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of the mRNA on corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor type 1 (CRHR1) translation was studied in constructs containing the 5'-UTR of CRHR1, with or without an ATG-to-ATA mutation in the upstream ORF, and the main ORF of luciferase or CRHR1. Upstream mutation in luciferase constructs increased luciferase a...

Drosophila virilis genomic DNA corresponding to the D. melanogaster embryonic lethal abnormal visual system (elav) locus was cloned. DNA sequence analysis of a 3.8-kb genomic piece allowed identification of (i) an open reading frame (ORF) with striking homology to the previously identified D. melanogaster ORF and (ii) conserved sequence elements of possible regulatory relevance within and flank...

Southern blot analysis and nucleotide sequencing of DNA from three bacterio-opsin-deficient mutants of the archaebacterium Halobacterium halobium (M86, W105, and W109) revealed that they each contain an alteration in a region 2,000 to 3,800 base pairs (bp) upstream of the bacterio-opsin gene (bop). Nucleotide sequence analysis of this region, which is also located downstream of the previously c...

Sequence analysis of RNA 2 of four Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) isolates collected from potato fields in Oregon (OR2, Umt1), Washington (BM), and Colorado (Cot2) revealed significant homologies to the ORY isolate from North America. Phylogenetic analysis based on a comparison of nucleotide (nt) and amino acid (aa) sequences with other members of the genus Tobravirus indicates that the North Ameri...

Catalytic RNAs are often regarded as molecular fossils from the RNA World, yet it is usually difficult to get more specific information about their evolution. Here we have investigated the coevolution of group II intron RNA structures with their intron-encoded reverse transcriptases (RTs). Unlike group I introns, there has been no obvious reshuffling between intron RNA structures and ORFs. Of t...

The complete nucleotide sequence of the genomic RNA of an aphid-infecting virus, Aphid lethal paralysis virus (ALPV), has been determined. The genome is 9812 nt in length and contains two long open reading frames (ORFs), which are separated by an intergenic region of 163 nt. The first ORF (5' ORF) is preceded by an untranslated leader sequence of 506 nt, while an untranslated region of 571 nt f...