In this study, the folate decorated biodegradable poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles were developed for tumor targeting of anticancer agents. Due to the overexpression of the folate receptor on tumor surface, the folate has been efficiently employed as a targeting moiety for various anticancer agents to avoid their non-specific attacks on normal tissues and also to increase their ...

The effects of menstrual cycle phase and carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation were investigated during prolonged exercise. Nine healthy, moderately trained women cycled at 70% peak O(2) consumption until exhaustion. Two trials were completed during the follicular (Fol) and luteal (Lut) phases of the menstrual cycle. Subjects consumed 0.6 g CHO. kg body wt(-1). h(-1) (5 ml/kg of a 6% CHO solution ...

Contemporary use of the term ’intension’ derives from the traditional logical doctrine that an idea has both an extension and an intension. In this paper we introduce an intensional FOL (First-order-logic) for P2P systems by fusing the Bealer’s intensional algebraic FOL with the S5 possible-world semantics of the Montague, we define the intensional equivalence relation for this logic and the we...

To promote host colonization, many plant pathogens secrete effector proteins that either suppress or counteract host defences. However, when these effectors are recognized by the host's innate immune system, they trigger resistance rather than promoting virulence. Effectors are therefore key molecules in determining disease susceptibility or resistance. We show here that Avr2, secreted by the v...

Providing query answering facilities at the conceptual level of a geographic data model requires deduction, and deduction in geographical information systems (GIS) is a demanding task due to the size of the data that are stored in secondary memory. In particular, this is the case for deductive query answering w.r.t. spatio-thematic ontologies, which provide a logical conceptualization of an app...

In this paper, we mainly present the implementation of a system that translates first order logic (FOL) formulas into natural language (NL) sentences. The motivation comes from an intelligent tutoring system teaching logic as a knowledge representation language, where it is used as a means for feedback to the students-users. FOL to NL conversion is achieved by using a rule-based approach, where...

Ground Logic with Equality (GL) is a subset of First-Order Logic (FOL) in which functions or quantifiers are excluded, but equality is preserved. We argue about GL’s unique position (in terms of expressiveness and ease of decidability) between FOL and Propositional Logic (PL). We aim to solve satisfiability (SAT) problems formulated in GL by converting them into PL using a satisfiability-preser...

Inductive learning in First-Order Logic (FOL) is a hard task due to both the pro­ hibitive size of the search space and the computational cost of evaluating hypotheses. This paper introduces an evolutionary algo­ rithm for concept learning in (a fragment of) FOL. The algorithm evolves a population of Horn clauses by repeated selection, mutation and optimization of more fit clauses. Its main nov...

The design of decision procedures for first-order theories and their combinations has been a very active research subject for thirty years; it has gained practical importance through the development of SMT (satisfiability modulo theories) solvers. Most results concentrate on combining decision procedures for data structures such as theories for arrays, bitvectors, fragments of arithmetic, and u...