In nature, many species form teams and move in herds from one place to another. This helps them reducing the risk of predation. Time delay caused by age structure, maturation period, feeding time is a major factor real-time prey–predator dynamics that result periodic solutions bifurcation phenomenon. study analysed behaviour teamed-up prey populations against predation using mathematical model....

Background: Pathogenesis-related (PR-1like) proteins are widely conserved in eukaryotes, but their biological function is unknown. Results: Knockout or site-directed mutagenesis of fpr1 encoding a secreted PR1-like protein in the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum impairs virulence on mice. Conclusion: Secreted PR-1-like proteins are important for fungal infection of mammals. Significance: Firs...

BACKGROUND Some strains of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) elicit induced systemic resistance (ISR) by emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including short chain alcohols, acetoin, and 2,3-butanediol. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether species-specific VOCs from PGPR strain Paenibacillus polymyxa E681 can promote growth and induce resistance in Arabidopsis....

Zoospore exudates play important roles in promoting zoospore communication, homing and germination during plant infection by Phytophthora. However, it is not clear whether exudates affect plant immunity. Zoospore-free fluid (ZFF) and zoospores of P. nicotianae were investigated comparatively for effects on resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 and mutants that affect signaling mediated by sa...

Arabidopsis thaliana WRKY39, a transcription factor that is induced by heat stress, is a member of the group II WRKY proteins and responds to both abiotic and biotic stress. Heat-treated seeds and plants of WRKY39 knock-down mutants had increased susceptibility to heat stress, showing reduced germination, decreased survival, and elevated electrolyte leakage compared with wild-type plants. In co...