The use of energized plasma membrane vesicle preparations from cotyledons and roots of Ricinus communis seedlings is described, and evidence is presented for the existence of plasma membrane H(+)/sucrose and H(+)/amino acid symporters. Using fractions isolated from roots, there is evidence for at least two carriers which can transport neutral amino acids and one which can also transport basic a...

Cadmium (Cd) is considered as phytotoxic in nature, its toxicity on the plant development decrease antioxidative enzymes activities under stress environment. Castor (Ricinus Communis L.) a metal tolerant and ability to survive highly polluted soils. exhibited high level of Cd soil buildup antioxidants i.e., super oxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) malondialdehyde (MAD) top ground parts str...