It is known that steroids can induce cell surface receptor aggregation followed by activation of receptor and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases. It has been shown recently that 17b-estradiol (E2) can stimulate the Src/p21 /mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in breast cancer cells, and this effect is supposed to mediate the E2-induced stimulation of breast cancer cell proliferation, possibly vi...

Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious and serious viral disease that affects the pig industry worldwide. The glycoprotein E2 of the classical swine fever virus (CSFV) can induce neutralizing antibodies, and it is widely used for novel vaccine development. To explore the development of a vaccine against CSFV infections, the gene of glycoprotein E2 was inserted into the swinepox viru...

Asian-American (AA) variants of human papillomavirus 16 (HPV-16) are linked to a high incidence of cervical cancer in Mexico, with some evidence strongly suggesting that they are more oncogenic than European (E) variants, including their association with younger women and their higher associated risk of cervical cancer. Differences in the regulation of viral E6/E7 oncogene transcription by the ...

PURPOSE Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are associated with cervical neoplasia. Cellular and viral proteins are known to interact with the papillomavirus E2 protein to initiate transcription and DNA replication in the HPV life cycle. Our aim was to identify peptides that bind to the HPV16 E2 protein and thereby inhibit its ability to alter the transcriptional activity of other genes. EX...

17β-estradiol (E2) may interfere with endocrine, metabolic, and gender-differentiated functions in liver in both females and males. Indirect mechanisms play a crucial role because of the E2 influence on the pituitary GH secretion and the GHR-JAK2-STAT5 signaling pathway in the target tissues. E2, through its interaction with the estrogen receptor, exerts direct effects on liver. Hypothyroidism ...

The bovine papillomavirus type I transcriptional activator E2 is essential for replication of bovine papillomavirus DNA, yet most of the high-affinity binding sites for E2 are dispensable. Here we demonstrate an absolute requirement for a binding site for the E2 polypeptide as a cis-acting replication element, establishing that site-specific binding of E2 to the origin is a prerequisite for bov...

Barmah Forest virus (BFV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that infects humans. A 6-Å-resolution cryo-electron microscopy three-dimensional structure of BFV exhibits a typical alphavirus organization, with RNA-containing nucleocapsid surrounded by a bilipid membrane anchored with the surface proteins E1 and E2. The map allows details of the transmembrane regions of E1 and E2 to be seen. The C-ter...