Increases in dopamine and glutamate transmission in the nucleus accumbens independently promote the reinstatement of cocaine seeking, an animal model of relapse. Here we have tested whether cocaine reinstatement in rats depends on interactions between accumbal dopamine and glutamate systems that are mediated by Ca21/calmodulin-mediated kinase II (CaMKII). We show that stimulation of D1-like dop...

Engagement of antigen receptors triggers the proliferation and functional activation of lymphocytes. Here we report that T cell homeostasis and antigen-induced responses require the COP9 signalosome (CSN), a regulator of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Conditional deletion of the CSN subunit Csn8 in peripheral T lymphocytes disrupted formation of the CSN complex, reduced T cell survival and pr...

The dopamine system is thought to be involved in making decisions about reward. Here we recorded from the ventral tegmental area in rats learning to choose between differently delayed and sized rewards. As expected, the activity of many putative dopamine neurons reflected reward prediction errors, changing when the value of the reward increased or decreased unexpectedly. During learning, neural...

Autor analizuje Paw?owe wypowiedzi na temat homoseksualizmu zawarte w 1 Kor 6,9-10 oraz Tm 1,8-10. Teksty te zostaj? najpierw umieszczone we w?a?ciwym im kontek?cie argumentacyjnym ze wskazaniem inspiruj?ce je tradycje starotestamentowe (Rdz 1,27-28; Wj 20,1-17 i Pwt 5,6-21; Kp? 18,22 20,13). Nast?pnie krytyczny sposób zaprezentowane pozycje autorów, zaw??aj?cych rozumienie 1,8-10 do pederastii...

Warped AdS$_3$ solutions in 10 dimensional supergravity that preserve ${\cal N}=(1,1)$ supersymmetry are considered. Sufficient geometric conditions for their existence, and to stop the factor experiencing an enhancement AdS$_4$, presented. The internal space of such decomposes as a foliation M$_6$ over interval where supports either SU(3)- or SU(2)-structure. former case is classified terms to...