The political discourse in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth changed deeply second half of eighteenth century. New concepts, terms and notions were integrated into it, some them drawn from vocabularies Western philosophers. article tries to answer question what these concepts or were, how their adaptation informed language itself descriptions world political-system projects formulated it. Base...

Abstract The aim of this work is to analyse and compare different methodologies fill gaps in early precipitation series, evaluate which time resolution reachable, i.e. monthly or daily one. following methods are applied tested the 1764–1767 gap series Padua: (1) using a relationship between amounts frequencies; (2) transforming log with visual observations into numerical values through analysis...