abstract: compaction under tractors tires is of special concern because the weight of these machines has increased dramatically in the last years. these machines and others associated with crop cultural practices weight enough to significantly compact the soil, especially if the soil is soft with high moisture content during tilling, planting, or harvesting. the stress distribution and the size...

The porous microstructures of metallic foams cause microscopic stress and strain localization under deformation which reduces the damage tolerance and therefore limits application of the materials. In this paper, the deformation of a relatively low porosity porous titanium is examined using two-dimensional (2D) plane strain and three-dimensional (3D) finite element models to identify the accura...

Traditionally, diagrams used in software systems modelling have been two dimensional (2D). This is probably because graphical notations, such as those used in object-oriented and structured systems modelling, draw upon the topological graph metaphor, which, at its basic form, receives little benefit from three dimensional (3D) rendering. This paper presents a series of 3D graphical notations de...

Fiducial registration is useful both in applications where other registration techniques have poor performance and for validation of new registration techniques. Registration of 3D CT or MR images to 2D X-ray images is particularly difficult, in part because automated contour extraction from 2D images is not yet well solved and in part because of the considerable computational expense in matchi...

BACKGROUND Three-dimensional (3D) transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) technology is now widely used intraoperatively in cardiac surgery. Left ventricular (LV) measurements with 3D transthoracic echocardiography correlate better with cardiac magnetic resonance measurements compared with traditional two-dimensional (2D) transthoracic echocardiography. In this study, we compared intraoperative ...

Abstract: A theory is derived for plasmons in two-dimensional (2D) materials by using three-dimensional (3D) plasmon theory, which was reported previously in the random phase approximation under high frequency conditions. When the 3D local electron density is expressed by the 2D local electron density n2D multiplied by the delta function in the thickness direction, a self-consistent integral eq...

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to comprehensively compare the 3-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided and conventional 2-dimensional (2D) point A-based intracavitary brachytherapy (BT) planning for cervical cancer with regard to target dose coverage and dosages to adjacent organs-at risk (OARs). METHODS A total of 79 patients with cervical cancer were enrolled to r...

OBJECTIVE To explore the performance of three-dimensional (3D) isotropic T2-weighted turbo spin-echo (TSE) sampling perfection with application optimized contrasts using different flip angle evolution (SPACE) sequence on a 3T system, for the evaluation of nerve root compromise by disc herniation or stenosis from central to extraforaminal location of the lumbar spine, when used alone or in combi...

In pulmonary emphysema, the alveolar structure progressively breaks down via a three-dimensional (3D) process that leads to airspace enlargement. The characterization of such structural changes has, however, been based on measurements from two-dimensional (2D) tissue sections or estimates of 3D structure from 2D measurements. In this study, we developed a novel silver staining method for visual...