In order to conquer the premature convergence problem and lower the cost of computing of the basic Ant Colony Algorithm (ACA), we present an adaptive ant colony algorithm, named AACA, coupled with a Pareto Local Search (PLS) algorithm and apply to the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) and Capacitated VRP (CVRP). By using the information entropy, the algorithm adjusts the pheromone updating strategy...

It is demonstrated that (3Z)-nonenal (NON) and (3Z)-hexenal (HEX) are oxidized in a cascade by lipoxygenase (LOX) and hydroperoxide peroxygenase (HP peroxygenase) into (2E)-4-hydroxy-2nonenal (HNE) and (2E)-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal (HHE), respectively. In turn, HNE inactivates LOX terminating the cascade. The hydroxy-alkenals produced serve to inhibit plant pathogens, which initiated the cascade. In...

Parcel delivery service by collect-on-delivery (COD, a.k.a. cash-on-delivery) companies is a new distribution mode in China. The design of the distribution network of a COD company in urban areas is of great importance and a relatively new research direction. In this paper, we aim to model this distribution network as a two-echelon location routing problem (2E-LRP) and propose a novel efficient...