The word “Layers” refers to the deferent layers within a communications system—such as an organization’s or person’s website—that together make communication possible. The idea of “Layers” is attributed to Yochai Benkler, Professor of Law at New York University, who first used it to describe a communications system that is divided in three distinct layers: 1. The “physical” layer across which c...

Temperature and density in the upper Martian atmosphere, above ∼100 km, are key diagnostic parameters to study processes of species' escape, investigate impact solar activity, model atmospheric circulation, plan spacecraft descent or aerobraking maneuvers. In this paper, we report vertical profiling carbon dioxide (CO2) temperature from Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS) occultations onboard Exo...

The NIST robot vehicle, a HMMWV with sensors and computer controlled actuators, detects and avoids obstacles while it drives off road at speeds up to 35 km/h. During tests the vehicle drives through the back fields of NIST detecting large obstacles up to 50 m away. Obstacles are sensed using a 30¡x60¡ field of view laser range scanner. The planner computes smooth, obstacle free paths that follo...

Although the regulatory role of cognitive reappraisal in negative emotional responses is widely recognized, this reappraisal's effect on acute saliva secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), as well as the relationships among affective, immunological, and event-related potential (ERP) changes, remains unclear. In this study, we selected only people with low positive coping scores (PCSs) as measured b...

A conversational method of teaching whereby the students engage each other as a key part of the learning experience achieves a higher percentage of high grades (and presumably better knowledge acquisition) than standard teaching practices. Standard teaching practices mean students often attend lectures to absorb and regurgitate the material presented during exams to test their understanding. Th...

The real driving emissions (RDE) of an in-use gasoline in use diesel light-duty (LD) vehicle , both are SUV type, studied based on portable emission measurement system (PEMS). complying with standard China 6 a mileage about 50000 km, and the this study is 5 130000 km for there hardly any vehicles major city. Special attentions paid their behaviors at high altitude conditions (1300 to 3000 m abo...