For modulating signals, the compact (see note 1) representation of the signals assumes importance to simplify the design of circuits and in the context of design of systems that are robust This article examines the nature of numbers and goes on to survey the methods of representing algebraic irrational numbers. It also briefly examines the methods of physically realizing the same, especially in...

Horowitz, Jeffrey F., Ricardo Mora-Rodriguez, Lauri O. Byerley, and Edward F. Coyle. Substrate metabolism when subjects are fed carbohydrate during exercise. Am. J. Physiol. 276 (Endocrinol. Metab. 39): E828–E835, 1999.— This study determined the effect of carbohydrate ingestion during exercise on the lipolytic rate, glucose disappearance from plasma (RdGlc), and fat oxidation. Six moderately t...

Parkman, Henry P., Anthony P. Pagano, and James P. Ryan. Subtypes of muscarinic receptors regulating gallbladder cholinergic contractions. Am. J. Physiol. 276 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 39): G1243–G1250, 1999.—The aim of this study was to determine the functional role of muscarinic receptor subtypes regulating gallbladder cholinergic contractions. Electrical field stimulation (EFS; 16 Hz) pr...

ANNA M. LOMBARDI,1 ROBERTO FABRIS,1 FLAVIA BASSETTO,1 ROBERTO SERRA,1 ARMELLE LETURQUE,2 GIOVANNI FEDERSPIL,1 JEAN GIRARD,2 AND ROBERTO VETTOR1 1Endocrine Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy; and 2Centre de Recherche sur l’Endocrinologie et le Développement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 92190 Meudon-Bellev...

Mack, David R., Sonia Michail, Shu Wei, Laura McDougall, and Michael A. Hollingsworth. Probiotics inhibit enteropathogenic E. coli adherence in vitro by inducing intestinal mucin gene expression. Am. J. Physiol. 276 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 39): G941–G950, 1999.—Probiotic agents, live microorganisms with beneficial effects for the host, may offer an alternative to conventional antimicrobia...

integrality constraints of a description as an optimization problem over variables in Rn. Linear programming formulations can imply polynomial-time algorithms even if they have exponentially many variables or constraints (by the equivalence of optimization and separation). Linear relaxations can be strengthened by adding further linear constraints, called cutting planes. One can also consider n...

Tseng, Chi-Chuan, Xiao-Ying Zhang, and M. Michael Wolfe. Effect of GIP and GLP-1 antagonists on insulin release in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 276 (Endocrinol. Metab. 39): E1049–E1054, 1999.—Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) are potent insulinotropic peptides released from the small intestine. To examine their relative contribution to postprandi...

Farrell, Peter A., Mark J. Fedele, Thomas C. Vary, Scot R. Kimball, Charles H. Lang, and Leonard S. Jefferson. Regulation of protein synthesis after acute resistance exercise in diabetic rats. Am. J. Physiol. 276 (Endocrinol. Metab. 39): E721–E727, 1999.—These studies determined whether insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) involvement in exercise-stimulated anabolic processes becomes more evide...