with a noise term ut . ut is another noise term, with arbitrary distribution but serially independent; we take ut independent of wt . The filtering problem is to deduce information about xt , given the series of observations to time t: yt, yt−1, . . . , which we denote collectively by y≤t . The prediction problem would extrapolate information about xt+1, xt+2, . . . given information only throu...

The iLQG algorithm optimizes trajectories by iteratively constructing locally optimal linear feedback controllers under a local linearization of the dynamics p(xt+1|xt,ut) = N (fxtxt + futut,Ft) and a quadratic expansion of the rewards r(xt,ut) (Tassa et al., 2012). Under linear dynamics and quadratic rewards, the action-value function Q(xt,ut) and value function V (xt) are locally quadratic an...

A stochastic volatility model consists of a pair of stochastic processes {Xt, Yt}, of which only Yt is observed, but where the conditional distribution of Yt|Xt = xt has a scale that depends on xt. The unobserved Xt is interpreted as a state variable that affects the processes that result in the observed Yt. The conditional heteroscedasticity (CH) approach to modeling volatility is based on the...

Science and engineering research increasingly relies on activities that facilitate research but are not currently rewarded or recognized, such as: data sharing; developing common data resources, software and methodologies; and annotating data and publications. To promote and advance these activities, we must develop mechanisms for assigning credit, facilitate the appropriate attribution of rese...

The transcription factor Gli3 (glioma-associated oncogene homolog) is essential for normal development of the mammalian forebrain. One extreme requirement for Gli3 is at the dorsomedial telencephalon, which does not form in Gli3(Xt/Xt) mutant mice lacking functional Gli3. In this study, we analyzed expression of Gli3 in the wild-type telencephalon and observed a (high)dorsal-to-(low)ventral gra...

BACKGROUND Tissue microarrays (TMAs) are used to study genomics and proteomics in several tumour tissue samples. Cell lines (CC) are of great importance in the study of the genetic changes in tumours, and some reveal several aspects of tumour oncogenesis. There are few published reports on Ewing's tumours with TMAs including original tumours (OT) and corresponding CC. METHODS We have performe...

In this study, we determined the LD(50) (50% lethal dose) for cell death, and the ED(50) (50% of cell population staining positive) for propidium (Pr) iodide uptake, and phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization for several commonly studied cell lines (HeLa, Jurkat, U937, CHO-K1, and GH3) exposed to 10-ns electric pulses (EP). We found that the LD(50) varied substantially across the cell lines st...

The spectral characteristics of 1,2,3,8-tetrahydro-1,2,3,3,8-pentamethyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)-7H–pyrrolo[3,2-g]quinolin-7one (LD-473) were demonstrated in liquid and solid states. For the liquid state, the absorption and fluorescence spectra of the LD-473 in Methyl Methacrylate showed bands at 385 and 420 nm, respectively. LD-473 in the solid state showed one absorption band at 530 nm, while the...

Consider a sequence of examples (xt, yt) for t = 1, . . . , T where xt ∈ R and yt ∈ [K], where the goal of a Learner is to predict the class yt from the input xt. In the more common full-information setting, the Learner observes the true class yt after making her prediction ŷt. In the present open problem, however, we will consider the so-called bandit setting: after predicting ŷt, the Learner ...