Establishing in Baghdad, a recently founded capital of Abbasid caliphs, of é Òom Ì P@ X Dāru l-H. ikmat (Abode of Wisdom) by caliph Ma’mūn who ruled during 813-833, was destined to play a pivotal role in the development of Mathematics in the lands conquered by muslim armies. Abode of Wisdomwas a sort of translation academy patronized by the caliph and wealthy families from his entourage. Works ...

The Iranian Rehabilitation Journal (IRJ) invites research papers on the genetic basis of single gene and complex disorders. This vastly dynamic branch of science will complement the multidisciplinary wealth of expertise in the fields of social welfare and rehabilitation. The past few years have witnessed outstanding research projects on the genetic causes of numerous debilitating disorders, suc...

the history of iranian political thought during the islamic era can be divided in 2 parts: middle era and modern era. in the middle era which ended in mashroota revolution, political thought tended to be united with religion, with the rules of thought –genera being based upon religions tents, and the role of reason being only limited to uncritical exposition of the predecessor’s ideas. as a res...

Diabatic heating is diagnosed from the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) circulation as a residue in the thermodynamic equation. The heating distribution is compared with the heating structure diagnosed from NCEP and 15-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-15) circulation and latent heating generated from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) observations using the convective–stratiform heating (CSH) ...

A survey of the spatial and temporal behavior of the atmospheric general circulation as it relates to both polar regions is presented. The review is based on the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) 40-year reanalysis (ERA-40), updated using ECMWF operational analyses. The analysis spans 1960–2005 in the Northern Hemisphere, but is restricted to 1979–2005 in the Southern H...

This paper explores the capability of the mixed-layer model (MLM) to represent the observed relationship between low-cloud fraction and lower-tropospheric stability; it also investigates the influence of large-scale meteorological fields and their variabilities on this relationship. The MLM’s local equilibrium solutions are examined subject to realistic boundary forcings that are derived from r...

To what extent have weather fluctuations in Africa affected infant mortality over the last fifty years? We investigate this question by combining individual level data, obtained from retrospective fertility surveys (DHS) for more than a million births in 28 African countries, with data for weather outcomes, obtained from re-analysis with climate models (ERA-40). The focus is on two mechanisms: ...

The extended-range forecast skill of the ECMWF operational forecast model is evaluated during tropical intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) events in the IndoWest Pacific warm pool. The experiment consists of ensemble extended serial forecasts including winter and summer ISO cases. The forecasts are compared with the ERA-40 analyses. The analysis focuses on understanding the origin of forecast error...

The two known estrogen receptors, ERa and ERb, mediate the effects of estrogen in all target tissues, including blood vessels. We have shown previously that estrogen inhibits vascular injury response to the same extent in female wild-type (WT), ERa knockout (ERaKOCH), and ERb knockout (ERbKOCH) mice. We generated mice harboring disruptions of both ERa and ERb genes (ERa,bKOCH) by breeding and s...

Abstract Like many other religions, Zoroastrianism frequently restructured its priestly organization during long history, largely because of the environmental changes to which it was exposed. A major shift in status – from being state religion Sasanian Empire holding only a minor position early Islamic period challenged Zoroastrian hierarchy authority. The Abbasid provided with an opportunity i...