Gallstone disease is a gastrointestinal that results from the dysfunction of cholesterol, bile, and bilirubin metabolism. Gallstones in gallbladder are common form through cholelithiasis. They can also grow biliary ducts choledocholithiasis. In industrial countries, gallstone has increased prevalence affects up to 20% adult population. Its major risk factors female gender, age, obesity, type 2 ...

Patients with type 2 diabetes are at increased mortality risk, mainly because of cardiovascular disease (1). On the basis of the evidence that a pharmacological approach against hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia is needed to tackle this devastating clinical outcome (2), such patients are usually aggressively treated. In the U.S., prescribed retail pharmaceutical spending accounted f...

BACKGROUND Patients with Congenital Hyperinsulinism (CHI) due to mutations in K-ATP channel genes (K-ATP CHI) are increasingly treated by conservative medical therapy without pancreatic surgery. However, the natural history of medically treated K-ATP CHI has not been described; it is unclear if the severity of recessively and dominantly inherited K-ATP CHI reduces over time. We aimed to review ...

ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels are both inhibited and activated by intracellular nucleotides, such as ATP and ADP. The inhibitory effects of nucleotides are mediated via the pore-forming subunit, Kir6.2, whereas the potentiatory effects are conferred by the sulfonylurea receptor subunit, SUR. The stimulatory action of Mg-nucleotides complicates analysis of nucleotide inhibition of Kir6. 2/SUR...