The unsaturated fatty acid maleinization reaction was adopted according to the well documented procedures of synthesizing the alkenyl succinic anhydrides (ASA) that are often used in industry (i.e. for paper sizing agents and cutting fluids lubricants) . For monounsaturated fatty acid such as oleic acid, 13 times of maleic anhydride to oleic acid molar ratio are recommended to obtain high yield...

The transesterification of uridine 3'-phosphodiesters with a wide range of leaving group alcohols has been studied in the presence of monometallic and bimetallic complexes. The catalysis of isomerization of the phosphodiester bond was studied with a nucleoside 3'-phosphonate as a substrate. The results obtained are consistent with a step-wise mechanism, where metal ions are able to enhance both...

kinetic monte carlo simulation was applied to investigation of kinetics and mechanism of oxalic acid degradation by direct and heterogeneous catalytic ozonation. la-containing perovskites including lafeo3, lanio3, lacoo3 and lamno3 was studied as catalyst for oxalic acid ozonation. the reaction kinetic mechanisms of each abovementioned catalytic systems has been achieved. the rate constants val...

the brønsted acidic ionic liquid ([bmim]hso4) catalyzed three-component synthesis of 2h-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-trione derivatives at room temperature. the integrity of the ionic liquid remains reasonably unchanged when it is separated from the reaction mixture by water extraction, as it can be recycled several times without any loss of activity in each of the title syntheses. the products a...

silica sulfuric acid as an efficient and reusable heterogeneous catalyst has been used for the preparation of amidines 2 from formimidate 1 by reaction with aromatic amines at room temperature in good to excellent yields. imidate was prepared by treatment of equimolar quantities of triethyl orthoformate and diaminomaleonitrile in refluxing dioxane. all the compounds were characterized fully by ...

dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (dbsa) was used as an efficient, cheap and stable brønsted catalyst for acetylation of alcohols and phenols and formylation of alcohols under solvent-free conditions. various primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols were acetylated with acetic anhydride as an acetylating agent under solvent-free conditions in the presence of catalytic amount of dbsa at room temperatu...

In this study, a solid acid was prepared by the sulfonation of surface modified α-zirconium phosphate (ZrP) single-layer nanosheets (SO3H@ZrP), and the prepared solid acid was investigated for the esterification of oleic acid with methanol to produce biodiesel. For comparison, liquid H2SO4 and commercial Amberlyst® 15 catalyst were also evaluated for the same reaction under the same conditions....

Biodiesel is usually produced by transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with chemical catalysts, especially in the presence of strong acidic or basic solutions, such as hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, sodium hydroxide, sodium methoxide and potassium hydroxide. Homogeneous alkali catalysts can convert triglycerides to their corresponding fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) with hig...