Objective: Valeriana (V) wallichii DC is found among the ground flora of Himalayan regions and used as herbal medicine for CNS disorders in Indian systems medicine. In study, aimed to investigation involvement neuro-chemical-systems V. induced antidepressant effects mice.
 Methods: The activity aqueous alcoholic extracts was measured by using Forced Swim Test Tail Suspension mice, whereas ...

Previous studies demonstrated that drug cues could elicit drug-like or withdrawal-like effect, both subjectively and physiologically. However, few studies have compared the central activities induced by a drug-related environment and the drug itself. The aim of this study was to observe and compare electroencephalographic (EEG) changes induced by acute morphine administration and by the morphin...

The effects of acute nicotine administration (0.09 mg/kg nicotine), chronic nicotine administration (6.3 mg/kg/d nicotine for 14 d), and withdrawal from chronic nicotine administration on fear conditioning in C57BL/6 mice were examined. Mice were trained using two coterminating conditioned stimulus (30 s; 85 dB white noise)--unconditioned stimulus (2 s; 0.57 mA foot shock) pairings and tested 2...

Physiologic principles underlying the differences in fetal hemoglobin (HbF) induction between acute and chronic states of erythroid expansion are poorly understood. Whereas abrupt erythroid expansion is characterized by a high proportion of reticulocytes coexpressing adult and fetal globin (F reticulocytes), HbF levels wane with chronic erythropoietic stimulation. To investigate this phenomenon...