A linkage disequilibrium map is expressed in linkage disequilibrium (LD) units (LDU) discriminating blocks of conserved LD that have additive distances and locations monotonic with physical (kb) and genetic (cM) maps. There is remarkable agreement between LDU steps and sites of meiotic recombination in the one body of data informative for crossing over, and good agreement with another method th...

Efforts to identify loci underlying complex traits generally assume that most genetic variance is additive. Here, we examined the genetics of Arabidopsis thaliana root length and found that the genomic narrow-sense heritability for this trait in the examined population was statistically zero. The low amount of additive genetic variance that could be captured by the genome-wide genotypes likely ...

We previously reported that basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) activates p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase resulting in the stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells and that FGF-2-activated p38 MAP kinase negatively regulates VEGF release. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of stress-activated protein ...

The Z2s -additive codes are subgroups of Z n 2s , and can be seen as a generalization of linear codes over Z2 and Z4. A Z2s -linear Hadamard code is a binary Hadamard code which is the Gray map image of a Z2s additive code. It is known that the dimension of the kernel can be used to give a complete classification of the Z4-linear Hadamard codes. In this paper, the kernel of Z2s -linear Hadamard...

This paper establishes a relation between the notion of a codifferential category and the more classic theory of Kähler differentials in commutative algebra. A codifferential category is an additive symmetric monoidal category with a monad T , which is furthermore an algebra modality, i.e. a natural assignment of an associative algebra structure to each object of the form T (C). Finally, a codi...

The microstructural and mechanical properties of Laser Based Additive Manufacturing (LBAM) are still inconsistent and unreliable, which is a major barrier that prevents Additive Manufacturing (AM) from entering main stream production. The key challenge is the lack of understanding for the underlying process-properties relationship. We monitor Laser Engineered Net Shaped (LENS) process using a s...

Definition 9.1.3. An additive character of F is a character of the additive group F, i.e. a map χ : (F,+) → T, with χ(a+ b) = χ(a)χ(b). Now, let Fq denote the field of order q = p . We can define it by Fq := Fp[x]/(f), where f is any irreducible polynomial of degree k. We know that Fq is a cyclic group of order q − 1, and is generated by some g ∈ Fq (in other word Fq = 〈g〉). That is, g = 1 and ...

Explaining trait differences between individuals is a core and challenging aim of life sciences. Here, we introduce a powerful framework for complete decomposition of trait variation into its underlying genetic causes in diploid model organisms. We sequence and systematically pair the recombinant gametes of two intercrossed natural genomes into an array of diploid hybrids with fully assembled a...

A Z2Z4-linear Hadamard code of length α+2β = 2 is a binary Hadamard code which is the Gray map image of a Z2Z4-additive code with α binary coordinates and β quaternary coordinates. It is known that there are exactly b t−1 2 c and b t 2 c nonequivalent Z2Z4-linear Hadamard codes of length 2, with α = 0 and α 6= 0, respectively, for all t ≥ 3. In this paper, it is shown that each Z2Z4-linear Hada...

Let R be a commutative ring with identity. By a Bres̃ar generalized derivation of R we mean an additive map g : R→ R such that g (xy) = g (x) y + xd (y) for all x, y ∈ R, where d is a derivation of R. And an additive mapping f : R → R is called a generalized derivation in the sense of Nakajima if it satisfies f(xy) = f(x)y + xf(y) − xf(1)y for all x, y ∈ R. In this paper we extend some results o...