Interactions between simultaneously recorded pairs of neurons in the magnocellular and gigantocellular fields of the reticular formation were studied in unanesthetized, unrestrained cats. Each cell pair was recorded during both waking and REM sleep. Dependencies in discharge between spike trains were observed visually and with cross-correlation analyses. These dependencies were present at both ...

Ions can enhance water flow through the xylem via changes in the hydraulic resistance at border pit membranes. Because flow between adjacent xylem vessels occurs primarily via bordered pit fields, it is hypothesized that xylem sap ion concentrations would affect lateral movement of water more than longitudinal flow. Using tomato as a model system, evidence is presented for ion-mediated changes ...

While many analyses require smart and flexible aggregation of adjacent and complex polygons storing quantitative data, currently available tools do not meet this need. In this work we present the ‘SmartDissolve v1.0’ toolbox for ArcGIS (Esri) and MATLAB, a new approach and tool that handles minimum mapping unit, resolution mismatch between layers, or spatial uncertainty problems in GISc. This t...

The coplanar ratio principle proposes that when the luminance range in an image is larger than the canonical reflectance range of 30:1, the lightness of a target surface depends on the luminance ratio between that target and its adjacent coplanar neighbor (Gilchrist, 1980). This conclusion is based on experiments in which changes in the perceived target depth produced large changes in its perce...

Traditional macro and micro-electroporation devices utilize facing electrodes, which generate electric fields inversely proportional to their separation distance. Although the separation distances in micro-electroporation devices are significantly smaller than those in macro-electroporation devices, they are limited by cell size. Because of this, significant potential differences are required t...

We calculated the electric fields induced in the brain during transcranial current stimulation (TCS) using a finite-element concentric spheres human head model. A range of disc electrode configurations were simulated: (1) distant-bipolar; (2) adjacent-bipolar; (3) tripolar; and three ring designs, (4) belt, (5) concentric ring, and (6) double concentric ring. We compared the focality of each co...

For exposure durations longer than about 40 msec, a field of dots in sampled motion has been reported to appear less smeared than predicted from the visual persistence of static displays. This reduction of perceived smear has been attributed to a motion "deblurring" mechanism. However, it has been long recognized that an isolated target moving continuously in a dark field appears to be extensiv...

While water quality functions of conservation buffers established adjacent to cropped fields have been widely documented, the relative contribution of these re-established perennial plant systems to greenhouse gases has not been completely documented. In the case of methane (CH(4)), these systems have the potential to serve as sinks of CH(4) or may provide favorable conditions for CH(4) product...